The father-in-law of Herod Antipas, and king of Arabia
Petraea. His daughter returned to him on the occasion of her husband's entering
into an adulterous alliance with Herodias, the wife of Herod-Philip, his half-brother
Lu 3:19,20 Mr 6:17 Mt 14:3 This led to a war between Aretas and Herod Antipas.
Herod's army was wholly destroyed (A.D. 36 Aretas, taking advantage of the
complications of the times on account of the death of the Emperor Tiberius
(A.D. 37) took possession of Damascus 2Co 11:32 comp. Ac 9:25 At this time Paul
returned to Damascus from Arabia.
Stony heap, an "island, "as it has been called,
of rock about 30 miles by 20 rising 20 or 30 feet above the table-land of
Bashan; a region of crags and chasms wild and rugged in the extreme. On this "island" stood sixty
walled cities, ruled over by Og. It is called Trachonitis rugged region")
in the New Testament Lu 3:1 These cities were conquered by the Israelites De
3:4 1Ki 4:13 It is now called the Lejah. Here "sixty walled cities are
still traceable in a space of 308 square miles. The architecture is ponderous
and massive. Solid walls 4 feet thick, and stones on one another without
cement; the roofs enormous slabs of basaltic rock, like iron; the doors and
gates are of stone 18 inches thick, secured by ponderous bars. The land bears
still the appearance of having been called the 'land of giants' under the giant
Og." "I have more than once entered a deserted city in the evening,
taken possession of a comfortable house, and spent the night in peace. Many of
the houses in the ancient cities of Bashan are perfect, as if only finished
yesterday. The walls are sound, the roofs unbroken, and even the
window-shutters in their places. These ancient cities of Bashan probably
contain the very oldest specimens of domestic architecture in the world"
(Porter's Giant Cities).
The lion, the name of one of the body-guard slain with
Pekahiah at Samaria 2Ki 15:25 by the conspirator Pekah.
The lion of God.
1. One of the chief men sent by Ezra to procure Levites
for the sanctuary Ezr 8:16
2. A symbolic name for Jerusalem Isa 29:1,2,7 as
"victorious under God, "and in Eze 43:15,16 for the altar (marg.,
Heb. 'ariel) of burnt offerings, the secret of Israel's lion-like strength.
A "city of the Jews" Lu 23:51 the birth-place
of Joseph in whose sepulchre our Lord was laid Mt 27:57,60 Joh 19:38 It is
probably the same place as Ramathaim in Ephraim, and the birth-place of Samuel
1Sa 1:1,19 Others identify it with Ramleh in Dan, or Rama (q.v.) in Benjamin Mt
2:18
Lion-like, venerable.
1. A king of Ellasar who was confederate with Chedorlamer
Ge 14:1,9 The tablets recently discovered by Mr. Pinches show the true reading is
Eri-Aku of Larsa. This Elamite name meant "servant of the moon-god."
It was afterwards changed into Rimsin, "Have mercy, O moon-god."
2. Da 2:14
Best ruler, native of Thessalonica Ac 20:4 a companion of
Paul Ac 19:29 27:2 He was Paul's "fellow-prisoner" at Rome Col 4:10
Phm 1:24
A Roman mentioned in Paul's Epistle to the Romans Ro
16:10 whose "household" is saluated.
1. Noah's ark, a building of gopher-wood, and covered
with pitch, 300 cubits long, 50 cubits broad, and 30 cubits high Ge 6:14-16 an
oblong floating house of three stories, with a door in the side and a window in
the roof. It was 100 years in building Ge 5:32 7:6 It was intended to preserve
certain persons and animals from the deluge which God was about to bring over
the earth. It contained eight persons Ge 7:13 2Pe 2:5 and of all
"clean" animals seven pairs, and of "unclean" one pair, and
of birds seven pairs of each sort Ge 7:2,3 It was in the form of an oblong
square, with flat bottom and sloping roof.
Traditions of the Deluge, by which the race of man was swept from the
earth, and of the ark of Noah have been found existing among all nations.
2. The ark of bulrushes in which the infant Moses was
laid Ex 2:3 is called in the Hebrew _teebah_, a word derived from the Egyptian
_teb_, meaning "a chest." It was daubed with slime and with pitch.
The bulrushes of which it was made were the papyrus reed.
3. The sacred ark is designated by a different Hebrew
word, which is the common name for a chest or coffer used for any purpose Ge
50:26 2Ki 12:9,10 It is distinguished from all others by such titles as the
"ark of God" 1Sa 3:3 "ark of the covenant" Jos 3:6 Heb 9:4
"ark of the testimony" Ex 25:22 It was made of acacia or shittim
wood, a cubit and a half broad and high and two cubits long, and covered all
over with the purest gold. Its upper
surface or lid, the mercy-seat, was surrounded with a rim of gold; and on each
of the two sides were two gold rings, in which were placed two gold-covered
poles by which the ark could be carried Nu 7:9 10:21 4:5,19,20 1Ki 8:3,6 Over
the ark, at the two extremities, were two cherubim, with their faces turned
toward each other Nu 7:89 Le 16:2 Their outspread wings over the top of the ark
formed the throne of God, while the ark itself was his footstool Ex 25:18-20
37:1-9 The ark was deposited in the "holy of holies, "and was so
placed that one end of the poles by which it was carried touched the veil which
separated the two apartments of the tabernacle 1Ki 8:8 The two tables of stone
which constituted the "testimony" or evidence of God's covenant with
the people De 31:26 the "pot of manna" Ex 16:33 and "Aaron's rod
that budded" Nu 17:10 were laid up in the ark Heb 9:4. The ark and the
sanctuary were "the beauty of Israel" La 2:1 During the journeys of
the Israelites the ark was carried by the priests in advance of the host Nu
4:5,6 10:33-36 Ps 68:1 132:8 It was borne by the priests into the bed of the
Jordan, which separated, opening a pathway for the whole of the host to pass
over Jos 3:15,16 4:7,10,11,17,18 It was borne in the procession round Jericho
Jos 6:4,6,8,11,12 When carried it was always wrapped in the veil, the badgers' skins,
and blue cloth, and carefully concealed even from the eyes of the Levites who
carried it. After the settlement of
Israel in Palestine the ark remained in the tabernacle at Gilgal for a season,
and was then removed to Shiloh till the time of Eli, between 300 and 400 years
Jer 7:12 when it was carried into the field of battle so as to secure, as they
supposed, victory to the Hebrews, and was taken by the Philistines 1Sa 4:3-11
who sent it back after retaining it seven months 1Sa 5:7,8 It remained then at
Kirjath-jearim 1Sa 7:1,2 till the time of David (twenty years), who wished to
remove it to Jerusalem; but the proper mode of removing it having been
neglected, Uzzah was smitten with death for putting "forth his hand to the
ark of God, "and in consequence of this it was left in the house of
Obed-edom in Gath-rimmon for three months 2Sa 6:1-11 at the end of which time
David removed it in a grand procession to Jerusalem, where it was kept till a
place was prepared for it 2Sa 6:1-16. It was afterwards deposited by Solomon in
the temple 1Ki 8:6-9 When the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and plundered the
temple, the ark was probably taken away by Nebuchadnezzar and destroyed, as no
trace of it is afterwards to be found. The absence of the ark from the second temple
was one of the points in which it was inferior to the first temple.
Ge 10:17 1Ch 1:15 a designation of certain descendants
from the Phoenicians or Sidonians, the inhabitants of Arka, 12 miles north of
Tripoli, opposite the northern extremity of Lebanon.
Used to denote power Ps 10:15 Eze 30:21 Jer 48:25 It is
also used of the omnipotence of God Ex 15:16 Ps 89:13 98:1 77:15 Isa 53:1 Joh
12:38 Ac 13:17
Occurs only in Re 16:16 (R.V., "Har-Magedon"),
as symbolically designating the place where the "battle of that great day
of God Almighty" Re 16:14 shall be fought. The word properly means the
"mount of Megiddo." It is the scene of the final conflict between
Christ and Antichrist. The idea of such a scene was suggested by the Old
Testament great battle-field, the plain of Esdraelon (q.v.).
High land, occurs only in Authorized Version, 2Ki 19:37
in Revised Version, "Ararat, "which is the Hebrew word. A country in
western Asia lying between the Caspian and the Black Sea. Here the ark of Noah
rested after the Deluge Ge 8:4 It is for the most part high table-land, and is
watered by the Aras, the Kur, the Euphrates, and the Tigris. Ararat was
properly the name of a part of ancient Armenia. Three provinces of Armenia are
mentioned in Jer 51:27 Ararat, Minni, and Ashchenaz. Some, however, think Minni
a contraction for Armenia.
Inhabitant of a fortress, the first-named of the two sons
of Saul and Rizpah. He was delivered up to the Gibeonites by David, and hanged
by them 2Sa 21:8,9
Is employed in the English Bible to denote military
equipment, both offensive and defensive.
1. The offensive weapons were different at different
periods of history.
a. The "rod of iron" Ps 2:9 is supposed to mean
a mace or crowbar, an instrument of great power when used by a strong arm.
b. The "maul" Pr 25:18 cognate Hebrew word
rendered "battle-axe" in Jer 51:20 and "slaughter weapon"
in Eze 9:2 was a war-hammer or martel.
c. The "sword" is the usual translation of
_hereb_, which properly means "poniard." The real sword, as well as
the dirk-sword (which was always double-edged), was also used 1Sa 17:39 2Sa
20:8 1Ki 20:11
d. The spear was another offensive weapon Jos 8:18 1Sa
17:7
e. The javelin was used by light troops Nu 25:7,8 1Sa
13:22 Saul threw a javelin at David 1Sa 19:9,10 and so virtually absolved him
from his allegiance.
f. The bow was, however, the chief weapon of offence. The
arrows were carried in a quiver, the bow being always unbent till the moment of
action Ge 27:3 48:22 Ps 18:34
g. The sling was a favourite weapon of the Benjamites 1Sa
17:40 1Ch 12:2 Comp. 1Sa 25:29
2. Of the defensive armour a chief place is assigned to
the shield or buckler.
a. There were the great shield or target (the _tzinnah_), for the protection of the
whole person Ge 15:1 Ps 47:9 1Sa 17:7 Pr 30:5
b. The buckler (Heb. _mageen_) or small shield 1Ki 10:17
Eze 26:8 In Ps 91:4 "buckler" is properly a roundel appropriated to
archers or slingers.
c. The helmet Eze 27:10 1Sa 17:38 a covering for the head
d. The coat of mail or corselet 1Sa 17:5 or habergeon Ne
4:1ff.
e. Harness or breat-plate Re 9:9 for the covering of the
back and breast and both upper arms Isa 59:17 Eph 6:14
f. The cuirass and corselet, composed of leather or
quilted cloth, were also for the covering of the body.
g. Greaves, for the covering of the legs, were worn in
the time of David 1Sa 17:6
h. Reference is made by Paul Eph 6:14-17 to the panoply
of a Roman soldier. The shield here is the thureon, a door-like oblong shield
above all, i.e., covering the whole person, not the small round shield. There
is no armour for the back, but only for the front.
An officer selected by kings and generals because of his
bravery, not only to bear their armour, but also to stand by them in the time
of danger. They were the adjutants of our modern armies Jud 9:54 1Sa 14:7 16:21
31:6
The place in which armour was deposited when not used Ne
3:19 Jer 50:25 At first each man of the Hebrews had his own arms, because all
went to war. There were no arsenals or magazines for arms till the time of
David, who had a large collection of arms, which he consecrated to the Lord in
his tabernacle 1Sa 21:9 2Sa 8:7-12 1Ch 26:26,27
The Israelites marched out of Egypt in military order Ex
13:18 "harnessed; "marg., "five in a rank"). Each tribe
formed a battalion, with its own banner and leader Nu 2:2 10:14 In war the army
was divided into thousands and hundreds under their several captains Nu 31:14
and also into families Nu 2:34 2Ch 25:5 26:12 From the time of their entering
the land of Canaan to the time of the kings, the Israelites made little
progress in military affairs, although often engaged in warfare. The kings
introduced the custom of maintaining a bodyguard (the Gibborim; i.e.,
"heroes"), and thus the nucleus of a standing army was formed. Saul
had an army of 3,000 select warriors 1Sa 13:2 14:52 24:2 David also had a band
of soldiers around him 1Sa 23:13 25:13 To this band he afterwards added the
Cherethites and the Pelethites 2Sa 15:18 20:7 At first the army consisted only
of infantry 1Sa 4:10 15:4 as the use of horses was prohibited De 17:16 but
chariots and horses were afterwards added 2Sa 8:4 1Ki 10:26,28,29 1Ki 9:19 In
1Ki 9:22 there is given a list of the various gradations of rank held by those
who composed the army. The equipment and maintenance of the army were at the
public expense 2Sa 17:28,29 1Ki 4:27 10:16,17 Jud 20:10 At the Exodus the
number of males above twenty years capable of bearing arms was 600,000 Ex 12:37
In David's time it mounted to the number of 1,300,000 2Sa 24:9
Swift, the southern boundary of the territory of Israel
beyond Jordan, separating it from the land of Moab De 3:8,16 This river
(referred to twenty-four times in the Bible) rises in the mountains of Gilead,
and after a circuitous course of about 80 miles through a deep ravine it falls
into the Dead Sea nearly opposite Engedi. The stream is almost dry in summer.
It is now called el-Mujeb. The territory of the Amorites extended from the
Arnon to the Jabbok.
Ruins.
1. A town on the north bank of the Arnon De 4:48 Jud 11:26
2Ki 10:33 the southern boundary of the kingdom of Sihon Jos 12:2 It is now
called Arair, 13 miles west of the Dead Sea.
2. One of the towns built by the tribe of Gad Nu 32:34
"before Rabbah" Jos 13:25 the Ammonite capital. It was famous in the
history of Jephthah Jud 11:33 and of David 2Sa 24:5 (Comp.) Isa 17:2 2Ki 15:29
3. A city in the south of Judah, 12 miles south-east of
Beersheba, to which David sent presents after recovering the spoil from the
Amalekites at Ziklag 1Sa 30:26,28 It was the native city of two of David's
warriors 1Ch 11:44 It is now called Ar'arah.
Isa 10:9 36:19 37:13 also Arphad, support, a Syrian city
near Hamath, along with which it is invariably mentioned 2Ki 19:13 18:34 Isa
10:9 and Damascus Jer 49:23 After a siege of three years it fell (B.C. 742
before the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser II. Now Tell Erfud.
Son of Shem, born the year after the Deluge. He died at
the age of 438 years Ge 11:10-13 1Ch 1:17,18 Lu 3:36 He dwelt in Mesopotamia,
and became, according to the Jewish historian Josephus, the progenitor of the
Chaldeans. The tendency is to recognize in the word the name of the country
nearest the ancient domain of the Chaldeans. Some regard the word as an
Egypticized form of the territorial name of Ur Kasdim, or Ur of the Chaldees.
At first made of reeds, and then of wood tipped with
iron. Arrows are sometimes figuratively put for lightning De 32:23,42 Ps 7:13
18:14 ps 144:6 Zec 9:14 They were used in war as well as in the chase Ge 27:3
49:23 They were also used in divination Eze 21:21 The word is frequently
employed as a symbol of calamity or disease inflicted by God Job 6:4 34:6 Ps
38:2 De 32:23 Comp. Eze 5:16 or of some sudden danger Ps 91:5 or bitter words
Ps 64:3 or false testimony Pr 25:18
The Greek form of the name of several Persian kings.
1. The king who obstructed the rebuilding of the temple
Ezr 4:7 He was probably the Smerdis of profane history.
2. The king mentioned in Ezr 7:1 in the seventh year
(B.C. 458) of whose reign Ezra led a second colony of Jews back to Jerusalem,
was probably Longimanus, who reigned for forty years (B.C. 464) the grandson of
Darius, who, fourteen years later, permitted Nehemiah to return and rebuild
Jerusalem.
A person engaged in any kind of manual occupation Ge 4:22
Isa 3:3
1Sa 20:40 (Heb. keli, meaning "apparatus; "here
meaning collectively any missile weapons, as arrows and lances. In Revised
Version, "weapons"). This word is derived from the Latin artillaria
equipment of war.
Wandering, Eze 27:8 a small island and city on the coast
of Syria, mentioned as furnishing mariners and soldiers for Tyre. The
inhabitants were called Arvadites. The name is written Aruada or Arada in the
Tell-el-Amarna tablets.
Physician, son of Abijah and grandson of Rehoboam, was
the third king of Judah. He was zealous in maintaining the true worship of God,
and in rooting all idolatry, with its accompanying immoralities, out of the
land 1Ki 15:8-14 The Lord gave him and his land rest and prosperity. It is
recorded of him, however, that in his old age, when afflicted, he "sought
not to the Lord, but to the physicians" (comp.) Jer 17:5 He died in the
forty-first year of his reign, greatly honoured by his people 2Ch 16:1-13 and
was succeeded by his son Jehoshaphat.
Made by God, the youngest son of Zeruiah, David's sister.
He was celebrated for his swiftness of foot. When fighting against Ish-bosheth
at Gibeon, in the army of his brother Joab, he was put to death by Abner, whom
he pursued from the field of battle 2Sa 2:18,19 He is mentioned among David's
thirty mighty men 2Sa 23:24 1Ch 11:26 Others of the same name are mentioned 2Ch
17:8 31:13 Ezr 10:15
Convener, or collector.
1. A Levite; one of the leaders of David's choir 1Ch 6:39
Psalms 50 and 73-83 inclusive are attributed to him. He is mentioned along with
David as skilled in music, and a "seer" 2Ch 29:30 The "sons of
Asaph, "mentioned in 1Ch 25:1 2Ch 20:14 and Ezr 2:41 were his descendants,
or more probably a class of poets or singers who recognized him as their
master.
2. The "recorder" in the time of Hezekiah 2Ki
18:18,37
3. The "keeper of the king's forest, "to whom
Nehemiah requested from Artaxerxes a "letter" that he might give him
timber for the temple at Jerusalem Ne 2:8
See CHRIST
An Egyptian name, meaning "gift of the
sun-god", daughter of Potipherah, priest of On or Heliopolis, wife of
Joseph Ge 41:45 She was the mother of Manasseh and Ephraim Ge 41:50-52 46:20
(Heb. o'ren, "tremulous"), mentioned only Isa
44:14 (R.V., "fir tree"). It is rendered "pine tree" both
in the LXX. and Vulgate versions. There is a tree called by the Arabs _aran_,
found still in the valleys of Arabia Petraea, whose leaf resembles that of the
mountain ash. This may be the tree meant. Our ash tree is not known in Syria.
Stronghold, a Philistine city Jos 15:47 about midway
between Gaza and Joppa, and 3 miles from the Mediterranean. It was one of the
chief seats of the worship of Dagon 1Sa 5:5 It belonged to the tribe of Judah
Jos 15:47 but it never came into their actual possession. It was an important
city, as it stood on the highroad from Egypt to Palestine, and hence was
strongly fortified 2Ch 26:6 Isa 20:1 Uzziah took it, but fifty years after his
death it was taken by the Assyrians (B.C. 758) According to Sargon's record, it
was captured by him in B.C. 711) The only reference to it in the New Testament,
where it is called Azotus, is in the account of Philip's return from Gaza Ac
8:40 It is now called Eshdud.
De 3:17 Jos 12:3 13:20 in Authorized Version, but in
Revised Version translated "slopes of Pisgah." In De 4:49 it is
translated in the Authorized Version "springs of Pisgah." The name
Ashdoth is translated "springs" in the Authorized Version, but
"slopes" in the Revised Version, of Jos 10:40 12:8 It has been
identified with the springs under Mount Nebo, now called 'Ayun Musa.
Happy, Jacob's eigth son; his mother was Zilpah, Leah's
handmaid Ge 30:13 Of the tribe founded by him nothing is recorded beyond its
holding a place in the list of the tribes Ge 35:26 46:17 Ex 1:4 etc. It
increased in numbers twenty-nine percent, during the thirty-eight years'
wanderings. The place of this tribe during the march through the desert was
between Dan and Naphtali Nu 2:27 The boundaries of the inheritance given to it,
which contained some of the richest soil in Palestine, and the names of its towns,
are recorded in Jos 19:24-31 Jud 1:31,32 Asher and Simeon were the only tribes
west of the Jordan which furnished no hero or judge for the nation. Anna the
prophetess was of this tribe Lu 2:36
And pl. Asherim in Revised Version, instead of
"grove" and "groves" of the Authorized Version. This was
the name of a sensual Canaanitish goddess Astarte, the feminine of the Assyrian
Ishtar. Its symbol was the stem of a tree deprived of its boughs, and rudely
shaped into an image, and planted in the ground. Such religious symbols are
frequently alluded to in Scripture Ex 34:13 Jud 6:25 2Ki 23:6 1Ki 16:33 etc.
These images were also sometimes made of silver or of carved stone 2Ki 21:7
"the graven image of Asherah, "R.V.
The ashes of a red heifer burned entire Nu 19:5 when
sprinkled on the unclean made them ceremonially clean Heb 9:13 To cover the
head with ashes was a token of self-abhorrence and humiliation 2Sa 13:19 Es 4:3
Jer 6:26 etc. To feed on ashes Isa 44:20 means to seek that which will prove to
be vain and unsatisfactory, and hence it denotes the unsatisfactory nature of
idol-worship. (Comp.) Ho 12:1
=Askelon=Ascalon, was one of the five cities of the
Philistines Jos 13:3 1Sa 6:17 It stood on the shore of the Mediterranean, 12
miles north of Gaza. It is mentioned on an inscription at Karnak in Egypt as
having been taken by king Rameses II., the oppressor of the Hebrews. In the
time of the judges Jud 1:18 it fell into the possession of the tribe of Judah;
but it was soon after retaken by the Philistines 2Sa 1:20 who were not finally
dispossessed till the time of Alexander the Great. Samson went down to this
place from Timnath, and slew thirty men and took their spoil. The prophets
foretold its destruction Jer 25:20 47:5,7 It became a noted place in the Middle
Ages, having been the scene of many a bloody battle between the Saracens and
the Crusaders. It was beseiged and taken by Richard the Lion-hearted, and
"within its walls and towers now standing he held his court." Among
the Tell Amarna tablets are found letters or official despatches from Yadaya,
"captain of horse and dust of the king's feet, "to the "great
king" of Egypt, dated from Ascalon. It is now called 'Askalan.
One of the three sons of Gomer Ge 10:3 and founder of one
of the tribes of the Japhetic race. They are mentioned in connection with Minni
and Ararat, and hence their original seat must have been in Armenia Jer 51:27
probably near the Black Sea, which, from their founder, was first called
Axenus, and afterwards the Euxine.
The master of the eunuchs of Nebuchadnezzar Da 1:3 the
"Rabsaris" of the court. His position was similar to that of the
Kislar-aga of the modern Turkish sultans.
A city of Bashan, in the kingdom of Og De 1:4 Jos 12:4
13:12 9:10 It was in the half-tribe of Manasseh Jos 13:12 and as a Levitical
city was given to the Gershonites 1Ch 6:71 Uzzia, one of David's valiant men
1Ch 11:44 is named as of this city. It is identified with Tell Ashterah, in the
Hauran, and is noticed on monuments B.C. 1700 The name Beesh-terah Jos 21:27 is
a contraction for Beth-eshterah, i.e., "the house of Ashtaroth."
Ashteroth of the two horns, the abode of the Rephaim Ge
14:5 It may be identified with Ashtaroth preceding; called "Karnaim",
i.e., the "two-horned" (the crescent moon). The Samaritan version
renders the word by "Sunamein, "the present es-Sunamein, 28 miles
south of Damascus.
The moon goddess of the Phoenicians, representing the
passive principle in nature, their principal female deity; frequently
associated with the name of Baal, the sun-god, their chief male deity Jud 10:6
1Sa 7:4 12:10 These names often occur in the plural (Ashtaroth, Baalim),
probably as indicating either different statues or different modifications of
the deities. This deity is spoken of as Ashtoreth of the Zidonians. She was the
Ishtar of the Accadians and the Astarte of the Greeks 1Ki 11:5,33 2Ki 23:13
There was a temple of this goddess among the Philistines in the time of Saul
1Sa 31:10 Under the name of Ishtar, she was one of the great deities of the
Assyrians. The Phoenicians called her Astarte. Solomon introduced the worship
of this idol 1Ki 11:33 Jezebel's 400 priests were probably employed in its
service 1Ki 18:19 It was called the "queen of heaven" Jer 44:25
Mentioned among those over whom Ish-bosheth was made king
2Sa 2:9
Is used to denote Proconsular Asia, a Roman province
which embraced the western parts of Asia Minor, and of which Ephesus was the
capital, in Ac 2:9 6:9 16:6 19:10,22 20:4,16,18 etc., and probably Asia Minor
in Ac 19:26,27 21:27 24:18 27:2 Proconsular Asia contained the seven churches
of the Apocalypse Re 1:11 The "chiefs of Asia" Ac 19:31 were certain
wealthy citizens who were annually elected to preside over the games and
religious festivals of the several cities to which they belonged. Some of these
"Asiarchs" were Paul's friends.
Probably the same as Assur-bani-pal (Sardanapalos of the
Greeks), styled the "great and noble" Ezr 4:10 was the son and
successor (B.C. 668) of Esar-haddon (q.v.). He was "luxurious, ambitious,
and cruel, but a magnificent patron of literature." He formed at Nineveh a
library of clay tablets, numbering about 10,000 These are now mostly in the
British Museum. They throw much light on the history and antiquities of
Assyria. Assur-bani-pal was a munificent patron of literature, and the
conqueror of Elam. Towards the middle of his reign his empire was shaken by a
great rebellion headed by his brother in Babylon. The rebellion was finally put
down, but Egypt was lost, and the military power of Assyria was so exhausted
that it could with difficulty resist the hordes of Kimmerians who poured over
Western Asia.
(Heb. pethen), De 32:33 Job 20:14,16 Isa 11:8 It was probably
the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje), which was very poisonous Ro 3:13 (Gr. aspis).
The Egyptians worshipped it as the _uraeus_, and it was found in the desert and
in the fields. The peace and security of Messiah's reign is represented by the
figure of a child playing on the hole of the asp.
Frequently mentioned throughout Scripture. Of the
domesticated species we read of,
1. The she ass (Heb. 'athon), so named from its slowness
Ge 12:16 45:23 Nu 22:23 1Sa 9:3
2. The male ass (Heb. hamor), the common working ass of
Western Asia, so called from its red colour. Issachar is compared to a strong
ass Ge 49:14 It was forbidden to yoke together an ass and an ox in the plough
De 22:10
3. The ass's colt (Heb. 'air), mentioned Jud 10:4 12:14
It is rendered "foal" in Ge 32:15 49:11 Comp. Job 11:12 Isa 30:6 The
ass is an unclean animal, because it does not chew the cud Le 11:26 Comp. 2Ki
6:25 Asses constituted a considerable portion of wealth in ancient times Ge 12:16
Ge 30:43 1Ch 27:30 Job 1:3 42:12 They were noted for their spirit and their
attachment to their master Isa 1:3 They are frequently spoken of as having been
ridden upon, as by Abraham Ge 22:3 Balaam Nu 22:21 the disobedient prophet 1Ki
13:23 the family of Abdon the judge, seventy in number Jud 12:14 Zipporah Ex
4:20 the Shunammite 2Ki 4:24-25 etc. Zechariah Zec 9:9 predicted our Lord's
triumphal entrance into Jerusalem, "riding upon an ass, and upon a colt,
"etc. Mt 21:5 R.V. Of wild asses
two species are noticed,
a. that called in Hebrew mentioned Job 39:5 Da 5:21 noted
for its swiftness; and
b. that called _pe're_, the wild ass of Asia Job 39:6-8
Job 6:5 11:12 Isa 32:14 Jer 2:24 14:6 etc. The wild ass was distinguished for
its fleetness and its extreme shyness. In allusion to his mode of life, Ishmael
is likened to a wild ass Ge 16:12 (Here the word is simply rendered
"wild" in the Authorized Version, but in the Revised Version,
"wild-ass among men".)
Second son of Shem Ge 10:22 1Ch 1:17 He went from the
land of Shinar and built Nineveh, etc. Ge 10:11,12 He probably gave his name to
Assyria, which is the usual translation of the word, although the form Asshur
is sometimes retained Nu 24:22,24 Eze 27:23 etc. In Ge 2:14 "Assyria"
ought to be "Asshur, "which was the original capital of Assyria, a
city represented by the mounds of Kalah Sherghat, on the west bank of the
Tigris. This city was founded by Bel-kap-kapu about B.C. 1700 At a later date
the capital was shifted to Ninua, or Nineveh, now Koyunjik, on the eastern bank
of the river.
A sea-port town of Proconsular Asia, in the district of
Mysia, on the north shore of the Gulf of Adramyttium. Paul came hither on foot along
the Roman road from Troas Ac 20:13,14 a distance of 20 miles. It was about 30
miles distant from Troas by sea. The island of Lesbos lay opposite it, about 7
miles distant.
The resurrection of Jesus Ac 17:31 is the
"assurance" (Gr. pistis, generally rendered "faith") or
pledge God has given that his revelation is true and worthy of acceptance. The
"full assurance [Gr. plerophoria, 'full bearing']of faith" Heb 10:22
is a fulness of faith in God which leaves no room for doubt. The "full
assurance of understanding" Col 2:2 is an entire unwavering conviction of
the truth of the declarations of Scripture, a joyful steadfastness on the part
of any one of conviction that he has grasped the very truth. The "full assurance
of hope" Heb 6:11 is a sure and well-grounded expectation of eternal glory
2Ti 4:7,8 This assurance of hope is the assurance of a man's own particular
salvation. This infallible assurance, which believers may attain unto as to
their own personal salvation, is founded on the truth of the promises Heb 6:18
on the inward evidence of Christian graces, and on the testimony of the Spirit
of adoption Ro 8:16 That such a certainty may be attained appears from the
testimony of Scripture Ro 8:16 1Jo 2:3 3:14 from the command to seek after it
Heb 6:11 2Pe 1:10 and from the fact that it has been attained 2Ti 1:12 4:7,8
1Jo 2:3 4:16 This full assurance is not of the essence of saving faith. It is
the result of faith, and posterior to it in the order of nature, and so
frequently also in the order of time. True believers may be destitute of it.
Trust itself is something different from the evidence that we do trust.
Believers, moreover, are exhorted to go on to something beyond what they at
present have when they are exhorted to seek the grace of full assurance Heb
10:22 2Pe 1:5-10 The attainment of this grace is a duty, and is to be
diligently sought. "Genuine assurance naturally leads to a legitimate and
abiding peace and joy, and to love and thankfulness to God; and these from the
very laws of our being to greater buoyancy, strength, and cheerfulness in the
practice of obedience in every department of duty." This assurance may in
various ways be shaken, diminished, and intermitted, but the principle out of
which it springs can never be lost.
The name derived from the city Asshur on the Tigris, the
original capital of the country, was originally a colony from Babylonia, and
was ruled by viceroys from that kingdom. It was a mountainous region lying to
the north of Babylonia, extending along the Tigris as far as to the high
mountain range of Armenia, the Gordiaean or Carduchian mountains. It was
founded in B.C. 1700 under Bel-kap-kapu, and became an independent and a
conquering power, and shook off the yoke of its Babylonian masters. It subdued
the whole of Northern Asia. The Assyrians were Semites Ge 10:22 but in process
of time non-Semite tribes mingled with the inhabitants. They were a military
people, the "Romans of the East." Of the early history of the kingdom
of Assyria little is positively known. In B.C. 1120 Tiglath-pileser I., the
greatest of the Assyrian kings, "crossed the Euphrates, defeated the kings
of the Hittites, captured the city of Carchemish, and advanced as far as the
shores of the Mediterranean." He may be regarded as the founder of the
first Assyrian empire. After this the Assyrians gradually extended their power,
subjugating the states of Northern Syria. In the reign of Ahab, king of Israel,
Shalmaneser II. marched an army against the Syrian states, whose allied army he
encountered and vanquished at Karkar. This led to Ahab's casting off the yoke
of Damascus and allying himself with Judah. Some years after this the Assyrian
king marched an army against Hazael, king of Damascus. He besieged and took
that city. He also brought under tribute Jehu, and the cities of Tyre and
Sidon. About a hundred years after this (B.C. 745 the crown was seized by a
military adventurer called Pul, who assumed the name of Tiglath-pileser III. He
directed his armies into Syria, which had by this time regained its
independence, and took (B.C. 740) Arpad, near Aleppo, after a siege of three
years, and reduced Hamath. Azariah (Uzziah) was an ally of the king of Hamath,
and thus was compelled by Tiglath-pileser to do him homage and pay a yearly
tribute. In B.C. 738 in the reign of Menahem, king of Israel, Pul invaded
Israel, and imposed on it a heavy tribute 2Ki 15:19 Ahaz, the king of Judah,
when engaged in a war against Israel and Syria, appealed for help to this
Assyrian king by means of a present of gold and silver 2Ki 16:8 who accordingly
"marched against Damascus, defeated and put Rezin to death, and besieged
the city itself." Leaving a portion of his army to continue the siege,
"he advanced through the province east of Jordan, spreading fire and
sword, "and became master of Philistia, and took Samaria and Damascus. He
died B.C. 727 and was succeeded by Shalmanezer IV., who ruled till B.C. 722 He
also invaded Syria 2Ki 17:5 but was deposed in favour of Sargon (q.v.) the
Tartan, or commander-in-chief of the army, who took Samaria (q.v.) after a
siege of three years, and so put an end to the kingdom of Israel, carrying the
people away into captivity, B.C. 722 2Ki 17:1-6,24 18:7,9 He also overran the
land of Judah, and took the city of Jerusalem Isa 10:6,12,22,24,34 Mention is
next made of Sennacherib (B.C. 705) the son and successor of Sargon 2Ki 18:13
19:37 Isa 7:17,18 and then of Esar-haddon, his son and successor, who took
Manasseh, king of Judah, captive, and kept him for some time a prisoner at
Babylon, which he alone of all the Assyrian kings made the seat of his
government 2Ki 19:37 Isa 37:38 Assur-bani-pal, the son of Esarhaddon, became
king, and in Ezr 4:10 is referred to as Asnapper. From an early period Assyria
had entered on a conquering career, and having absorbed Babylon, the kingdoms
of Hamath, Damascus, and Samaria, it conquered Phoenicia, and made Judea
feudatory, and subjected Philistia and Idumea. At length, however, its power
declined. In B.C. 727 the Babylonians threw off the rule of the Assyrians,
under the leadership of the powerful Chaldean prince Merodach-baladan 2Ki 20:12
who, after twelve years, was subdued by Sargon, who now reunited the kingdom,
and ruled over a vast empire. But on his death the smouldering flames of
rebellion again burst forth, and the Babylonians and Medes successfully
asserted their independence (B.C. 625) and Assyria fell according to the
prophecies of Isaiah Isa 10:5-19 Nahum Na 3:19 and Zeph 3:13 and the many
separate kingdoms of which it was composed ceased to recognize the "great
king" 2Ki 18:19 Isa 36:4 attests (about B.C. 586) how completely Assyria
was overthrown. It ceases to be a nation.
Da 1:20 2:2,10,27 etc. Heb. 'ashshaph',an enchanter, one
who professes to divine future events by the appearance of the stars. This
science flourished among the Chaldeans. It was positively forbidden to the Jews
De 4:19 18:10 Isa 47:13
The Hebrews were devout students of the wonders of the
starry firmanent Am 5:8 Ps 19:1ff. In the Book of Job, which is the oldest book
of the Bible in all probability, the constellations are distinguished and
named. Mention is made of the "morning star" Re 2:28 comp. Isa 14:12
the "seven stars" and "Pleiades, ""Orion, "
"Arcturus, "the "Great Bear" Am 5:8 Job 9:9 38:31 "the
crooked serpent, "Draco Job 26:13 the Dioscuri, or Gemini, "Castor
and Pollux" Ac 28:11 The stars were called "the host of heaven"
Isa 40:26 Jer 33:22 The oldest divisions of time were mainly based on the
observation of the movements of the heavenly bodies, the "ordinances of
heaven" Ge 1:14-18 Job 38:33 Jer 31:35 33:25 Such observations led to the
division of the year into months and the mapping out of the appearances of the
stars into twelve portions, which received from the Greeks the name of the
"zodiac." The word "Mazzaroth" Job 38:32 means, as the
margin notes, "the twelve signs" of the zodiac. Astronomical observations
were also necessary among the Jews in order to the fixing of the proper time
for sacred ceremonies, the "new moons, "the "passover,
"etc. Many allusions are found to the display of God's wisdom and power as
seen in the starry heavens Ps 8:1ff. Ps 19:1-6 Isa 51:6 etc.
1Ch 26:15,17 Authorized Version; but in Revised Version,
"storehouse"), properly the house of stores for the priests. In Ne
12:25 the Authorized Version has "thresholds, "marg. "treasuries"
or "assemblies; "Revised Version, "storehouses."
Buckthorn, a place where Joseph and his brethren, when on
their way from Egypt to Hebron with the remains of their father Jacob, made for
seven days a "great and very sore lamentation." On this account the
Canaanites called it "Abel-mizraim" Ge 50:10,11 It was probably near
Hebron. The word is rendered "bramble" in Jud 9:14,15 and
"thorns" in Ps 58:9
Crowns.
1. A city east of Jordan, not far from Gilead Nu 32:3
2. A town on the border of Ephraim and Benjamin Jos
16:2,7 called also Ataroth-adar Jos 16:5 Now ed-Da'rieh.
3. "Ataroth, the house of Joab" 1Ch 2:54 a town
of Judah inhabited by the descendants of Caleb.
Shut; lame.
1. Ezr 2:16
2. Ne 10:17
3. Ezr 2:42
Whom God afflicts.
1. The daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, and the wife of
Jehoram, king of Judah 2Ki 8:18 who "walked in the ways of the house of
Ahab" 2Ch 21:6 called "daughter" of Omri 2Ki 8:26 On the death
of her husband and of her son Ahaziah, she resolved to seat herself on the
vacant throne. She slew all Ahaziah's children except Joash, the youngest 2Ki
11:1,2 After a reign of six years she was put to death in an insurrection 2Ki
11:20 2Ch 21:6 2Ch 22:10-12 23:15 stirred up among the people in connection
with Josiah's being crowned as king.
2. Ezr 8:7
3. 1Ch 8:26
The capital of Attica, the most celebrated city of the
ancient world, the seat of Greek literature and art during the golden period of
Grecian history. Its inhabitants were fond of novelty Ac 17:21 and were
remarkable for their zeal in the worship of the gods. It was a sarcastic saying
of the Roman satirist that it was "easier to find a god at Athens than a
man." On his second missionary journey Paul visited this city Ac 17:15
comp. 1Th 3:1 and delivered in the Areopagus his famous speech Ac 17:22-31 The
altar of which Paul there speaks as dedicated "to the [properly
"an"] unknown God" Ac 17:23 was probably one of several which
bore the same inscription. It is supposed that they originated in the practice
of letting loose a flock of sheep and goats in the streets of Athens on the
occasion of a plague, and of offering them up in sacrifice, at the spot where
they lay down, "to the god concerned."
This word does not occur in the Authorized Version of the
New Testament except in Ro 5:11 where in the Revised Version the word
"reconciliation" is used. In the Old Testament it is of frequent
occurrence. The meaning of the word is simply at-one-ment, i.e., the state of
being at one or being reconciled, so that atonement is reconciliation. Thus it
is used to denote the effect which flows from the death of Christ. But the word
is also used to denote that by which this reconciliation is brought about,
viz., the death of Christ itself; and when so used it means satisfaction, and in
this sense to make an atonement for one is to make satisfaction for his
offences Ex 32:30 Le 4:26 5:16 Nu 6:11 and, as regards the person, to
reconcile, to propitiate God in his behalf. By the atonement of Christ we
generally mean his work by which he expiated our sins. But in Scripture usage
the word denotes the reconciliation itself, and not the means by which it is
effected. When speaking of Christ's saving work, the word "satisfaction,
"the word used by the theologians of the Reformation, is to be preferred
to the word "atonement." Christ's satisfaction is all he did in the
room and in behalf of sinners to satisfy the demands of the law and justice of
God. Christ's work consisted of suffering and obedience, and these were
vicarious, i.e., were not merely for our benefit, but were in our stead, as the
suffering and obedience of our vicar, or substitute. Our guilt is expiated by
the punishment which our vicar bore, and thus God is rendered propitious, i.e.,
it is now consistent with his justice to manifest his love to transgressors.
Expiation has been made for sin, i.e., it is covered. The means by which it is
covered is vicarious satisfaction, and the result of its being covered is
atonement or reconciliation. To make atonement is to do that by virtue of which
alienation ceases and reconciliation is brought about. Christ's mediatorial
work and sufferings are the ground or efficient cause of reconciliation with
God. They rectify the disturbed relations between God and man, taking away the
obstacles interposed by sin to their fellowship and concord. The reconciliation
is mutual, i.e., it is not only that of sinners toward God, but also and
pre-eminently that of God toward sinners, effected by the sin-offering he
himself provided, so that consistently with the other attributes of his
character his love might flow forth in all its fulness of blessing to men. The
primary idea presented to us in different forms throughout the Scripture is
that the death of Christ is a satisfaction of infinite worth rendered to the
law and justice of God (q.v.), and accepted by him in room of the very penalty
man had incurred. It must also be constantly kept in mind that the atonement is
not the cause but the consequence of God's love to guilty men Joh 3:16 Ro
3:24,25 Eph 1:7 1Jo 1:9 4:9 The atonement may also be regarded as necessary,
not in an absolute but in a relative sense, i.e., if man is to be saved, there
is no other way than this which God has devised and carried out Ex 34:7 Jos
24:19 Ps 5:4 7:11 Na 1:2,6 Ro 3:5 This is God's plan, clearly revealed; and
that is enough for us to know.
The great annual day of humiliation and expiation for the
sins of the nation, "the fast" Ac 27:9 and the only one commanded in the
law of Moses. The mode of its observance is described in Le 16:3-10 Le 23:26-32
Nu 29:7-11 It was kept on the tenth day of the month Tisri, i.e., five days
before the feast of Tabernacles, and lasted from sunset to sunset.
The cognomen of the first Roman emperor, C. Julius Caesar
Octavianus, during whose reign Christ was born Lu 2:1 His decree that "all
the world should be taxed" was the divinely ordered occasion of Jesus'
being born, according to prophecy Mic 5:2 in Bethlehem. This name being simply
a title meaning "majesty" or "venerable, "first given to
him by the senate (B.C. 27) was borne by succeeding emperors. Before his death
(A.D. 14) he associated Tiberius with him in the empire Lu 3:1 by whom he was
succeeded.
Ac 27:1 literally, of Sebaste, the Greek form of Augusta,
the name given to Caesarea in honour of Augustus Caesar). Probably this
"band" or cohort consisted of Samaritan soldiers belonging to Caesarea.
A place in Assyria from which colonies were brought to
Samaria 2Ki 17:24 It is probably the same with Ivah 2Ki 18:34 19:13 Isa 37:13
It has been identified with Hit on the Euphrates.
Nothingness; vanity.
1. Hosea speaks of the "high places of Aven" Ho
10:8 by which he means Bethel. He also calls it Beth-aven, i.e., "the
house of vanity" Ho 4:15 on account of the golden calves Jeroboam had set
up there 1Ki 12:28
2. Translated by the LXX. "On" in Eze 30:17 The
Egyptian Heliopolis or city of On (q.v.).
3. In Am 1:5 it denotes the Syrian Heliopolis, the modern
Baalbec.
(Heb. goel, from verb gaal, "to be near of kin,
""to redeem"), the nearest relative of a murdered person. It was
his right and duty to slay the murderer 2Sa 14:7,11 if he found him outside of
a city of refuge. In order that this law might be guarded against abuse, Moses
appointed six cities of refuge Ex 21:13 Nu 35:13 De 19:1,9 These were in
different parts of the country, and every facility was afforded the manslayer
that he might flee to the city that lay nearest him for safety. Into the city
of refuge the avenger durst not follow him. This arrangement applied only to
cases where the death was not premeditated. The case had to be investigated by
the authorities of the city, and the wilful murderer was on no account to be
spared. He was regarded as an impure and polluted person, and was delivered up
to the _goel_ De 19:11-13 If the offence was merely manslaughter, then the
fugitive must remain within the city till the death of the high priest Nu 35:25
A people dwelling in Hazerim, or "the villages"
or "encampments" on the south-west corner of the sea-coast De 2:23
They were subdued and driven northward by the Caphtorim. A trace of them is
afterwards found in Jos 13:3 where they are called Avites.
An instrument only referred to in connection with the
custom of boring the ear of a slave Ex 21:6 De 15:17 in token of his
volunteering perpetual service when he might be free. (Comp.) Ps 40:6 Isa 50:5
Used in the Authorized Version of De 19:5 20:19 1Ki 6:7
as the translation of a Hebrew word which means "chopping." It was
used for felling trees Isa 10:34 and hewing timber for building. It is the
rendering of a different word in Jud 9:48, 1Sa 13:20,21, Ps 74:5 which refers
to its sharpness. In 2Ki 6:5 it is the translation of a word used with
reference to its being made of iron. In Isa 44:12 the Revised Version renders
by "axe" the Hebrew _maatsad_, which means a "hewing"
instrument. In the Authorized Version it is rendered "tongs." It is
also used in Jer 10:3 and rendered "axe." The "battle-axe"
(army of Medes and Persians) mentioned in Jer 51:20 was probably, as noted in
the margin of the Revised Version, a "maul" or heavy mace. In Ps 74:6
the word so rendered means "feller." (See the figurative expression
in) Mt 3:10 Lu 3:9
Zec 14:5 should perhaps be rendered "very near"
"the way of escape shall be made easy." If a proper name, it may denote
some place near the western extremity of the valley here spoken of near
Jerusalem.
Whom Jehovah helps.
1. Son of Ethan, of the tribe of Judah 1Ch 2:8
2. Son of Ahimaaz, who succeeded his grandfather Zadok as
high priest 1Ch 6:9 1Ki 4:2 in the days of Solomon. He officiated at the
consecration of the temple 1Ch 6:10
3. The son of Johanan, high priest in the reign of Abijah
and Asa 1Ch 6:10,11
4. High priest in the reign of Uzziah, king of Judah 2Ki
14:21 2Ch 26:17-20 He was contemporary with the prophets Isaiah, Amos, and
Joel.
5. High priest in the days of Hezekiah 2Ch 31:10-13 Of
the house of Zadok.
6. Several other priests and Levites of this name are
mentioned 1Ch 6:36 Ezr 7:1 1Ch 9:11 Ne 3:23 etc.
7. The original name of Abed-nego Da 1:6,7,11,16 He was
of the royal family of Judah, and with his other two companions remarkable for
his personal beauty and his intelligence as well as piety.
8. The son of Oded, a remarkable prophet in the days of
Asa 2Ch 15:1 He stirred up the king and the people to a great national
reformation.
Le 16:8,10,26 Revised Version only here; rendered
"scape-goat" in the Authorized Version). This word has given rise to
many different views. Some Jewish interpreters regard it as the name of a place
some 12 miles east of Jerusalem, in the wilderness. Others take it to be the
name of an evil spirit, or even of Satan. But when we remember that the two
goats together form a type of Christ, on whom the Lord "laid the iniquity
of us all, "and examine into the root meaning of this word (viz.,
"separation"), the interpretation of those who regard the one goat as
representing the atonement made, and the other, that "for Azazel, "as
representing the effect of the great work of atonement (viz., the complete
removal of sin), is certainly to be preferred. The one goat which was "for
Jehovah" was offered as a sin-offering, by which atonement was made. But
the sins must also be visibly banished, and therefore they were symbolically
laid by confession on the other goat, which was then "sent away for
Azazel" into the wilderness. The form of this word indicates intensity,
and therefore signifies the total separation of sin: it was wholly carried
away. It was important that the result of the sacrifices offered by the high
priest alone in the sanctuary should be embodied in a visible transaction, and
hence the dismissal of the "scape-goat." It was of no consequence
what became of it, as the whole import of the transaction lay in its being sent
into the wilderness bearing away sin. As the goat "for Jehovah" was
to witness to the demerit of sin and the need of the blood of atonement, so the
goat "for Azazel" was to witness to the efficacy of the sacrifice and
the result of the shedding of blood in the taking away of sin.
Whom Jehovah strengthened.
1. One of the Levitical harpers in the temple 1Ch 15:21
2. The father of Hoshea, who was made ruler over the Ephraimites
1Ch 27:20
3. One who had charge of the temple offerings 2Ch 31:13
Dug over, a town in the Shephelah or low hills of Judah
Jos 15:35 where the five confederated Amoritish kings were defeated by Joshua and
their army destroyed by a hailstrom Jos 10:10,11 It was one of the places
re-occupied by the Jews on their return from the Captivity Ne 11:30
Noble, a descendant of king Saul 1Ch 8:37 9:43,44
Strong as death.
1. One of David's thirty warriors 2Sa 23:31
2. An overseer over the royal treasury in the time of
David and Solomon 1Ch 27:25
3. A town in the tribe of Judah, near Jerusalem Ne 12:29
Ezr 2:24
4. 1Ch 8:36
The Grecized form Ac 8:40 etc. of Ashdod (q.v.).
Deserted.
1. The wife of Caleb 1Ch 2:18,19
2. The daughter of Shilhi, and mother of king Jehoshaphat
1Ki 22:42
Helper.
1. The father of Hananiah, a false prophet Jer 28:1
2. The father of Jaazaniah Eze 11:1
3. One of those who sealed the covenant with Jehovah on
the return from Babylon Ne 10:17