A community; alliance.
1. A city in the south end of the valley of Eshcol, about
midway between Jerusalem and Beersheba, from which it is distant about 20 miles
in a straight line. It was built "seven years before Zoan in Egypt"
Ge 13:18 Nu 13:22 It still exists under the same name, and is one of the most
ancient cities in the world. Its earlier name was Kirjath-arba Ge 23:2 Jos
14:15 15:3 But "Hebron would appear to have been the original name of the
city, and it was not till after Abraham's stay there that it received the name
Kirjath-arba, who [i.e., Arba] was not the founder but the conqueror of the
city, having led thither the tribe of the Anakim, to which he belonged. It retained
this name till it came into the possession of Caleb, when the Israelites
restored the original name Hebron" (Keil, Com.). The name of this city
does not occur in any of the prophets or in the New Testament. It is found
about forty times in the Old. It was the favorite home of Abraham. Here he
pitched his tent under the oaks of Mamre, by which name it came afterwards to
be known; and here Sarah died, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah Ge
23:17-20 which he bought from Ephron the Hittite. From this place the patriarch
departed for Egypt by way of Beersheba Ge 37:14 46:1 It was taken by Joshua and
given to Caleb Jos 10:36,37 12:10 14:13 It became a Levitical city and a city
of refuge Jos 20:7 21:11 When David became king of Judah this was his royal residence,
and he resided here for seven and a half years 2Sa 5:5 and here he was anointed
as king over all Israel 2Sa 2:1-4,11 1Ki 2:11 It became the residence also of
the rebellious Absalom 2Sa 15:10 who probably expected to find his chief
support in the tribe of Judah, now called el-Khulil. In one part of the modern
city is a great mosque, which is built over the grave of Machpelah. The first
European who was permitted to enter this mosque was the Prince of Wales in 1862
It was also visited by the Marquis of Bute in 1866 and by the late Emperor
Frederick of Germany (then Crown-Prince of Prussia) in 1869 One of the largest
oaks in Palestine is found in the valley of Eshcol, about 3 miles north of the
town. It is supposed by some to be the tree under which Abraham pitched his
tent, and is called "Abraham's oak." See OAK 25758
2. The third son of Kohath the Levite Ex 6:18 1Ch 6:2,18
3. 1Ch 2:42,43
4. A town in the north border of Asher Jos 19:28
Eunuch, had charge of the harem of Ahasuerus Es 2:8
1. Heb. 'eglah, De 21:4,6 Jer 46:20
a. Untrained to the yoke Ho 10:11
b. Giving milk Isa 7:21
c. Ploughing Jud 14:18
d. Treading out grain Jer 50:11
e. Unsubdued to the yoke an emblem of Judah Isa 15:5 Jer
48:34
2. Heb. parah Ge 41:2 Nu 19:2
a. Bearing the yoke
b. "heifers of Bashan" Am 4:1 metaphorical for
the voluptuous females of Samaria.
c. The ordinance of sacrifice of the "red
heifer" described in Nu 19:1-10 comp. Heb 9:13
Under the patriarchs the property of a father was divided
among the sons of his legitimate wives Ge 21:10 24:36 25:5 the eldest son
getting a larger portion than the rest. The Mosaic law made specific
regulations regarding the transmission of real property, which are given in
detail in De 21:17 Nu 27:8 36:6 27:9-11 Succession to property was a matter of
right and not of favour. Christ is the "heir of all things" Heb 1:2
Col 1:15 Believers are heirs of the "promise, ""of
righteousness, ""of the kingdom, ""of the world,
""of God, ""joint heirs" with Christ Ga 3:29 Heb 6:17
11:7 Jas 2:5 Ro 4:13 8:17
Rust, 1Ch 4:5,7 one of the wives of Ashur.
Place of abundance, a place on the east of Jordan and
west of the Euphrates where David gained a great victory over the Syrian army
2Sa 10:16 which was under the command of Shobach. Some would identify it with
Alamatta, near Nicephorium.
Fatness, a town of the tribe of Asher Jud 1:31 in the
plain of Phoenicia.
Fat; i.e., "fertile", Eze 27:18 only, a place
whence wine was brought to the great market of Tyre. It has been usually
identified with the modern Aleppo, called Haleb by the native Arabs, but is
more probably to be found in one of the villages in the Wady Helbon, which is
celebrated for its grapes, on the east slope of Anti-Lebanon, north of the
river Barada (Abana).
Wordly.
1. 1Ch 27:15 called also Heleb 2Sa 23:29 one of David's
captains.
2. Zec 6:10 one who returned from Babylon.
Fatness, one of David's warriors 2Sa 23:29
This world, 1Ch 11:30 called Heleb 2Sa 23:29
A portion, Jos 17:2 descended from Manasseh.
A stroke, great-grandson of Asher 1Ch 7:35
Exchange, a city on the north border of Naphtali Jos
19:33
Strong, or loin
1. One of Judah's posterity 1Ch 2:39
2. One of David's warriors 2Sa 23:26
Elevation, father of Joseph in the line of our Lord's
ancestry Lu 3:23
Smooth-tongued, one of the chief priests in the time of
Joiakim Ne 12:15
Smoothness, a town of Asher, on the east border Jos 19:25
21:31 called also Hukok 1Ch 6:75
Plot of the sharp blades, or the field of heroes, 2Sa
2:16 After the battle of Gilboa, so fatal to Saul and his house, David, as
divinely directed, took up his residence in Hebron, and was there anointed king
over Judah. Among the fugitives from Gilboa was Ish-bosheth, the only surviving
son of Saul, whom Abner, Saul's uncle, took across the Jordan to Mahanaim, and
there had him proclaimed king. Abner gathered all the forces at his command and
marched to Gibeon, with the object of wresting Judah from David. Joab had the
command of David's army of trained men, who encamped on the south of the pool,
which was on the east of the hill on which the town of Gibeon was built, while
Abner's army lay on the north of the pool. Abner proposed that the conflict
should be decided by twelve young men engaging in personal combat on either
side. So fiercely did they encounter each other that "they caught every man
his fellow by the head, and thrust his sword in his fellow's side; so they fell
down together: wherefore that place was called Helkath-hazzurim." The
combat of the champions was thus indecisive, and there followed a severe
general engagement between the two armies, ending in the total rout of the
Israelites under Abner. The general result of this battle was that "David
waxed stronger and stronger, and the house of Saul waxed weaker and
weaker" 2Sa 3:1
See GIBEON
Derived from the Saxon helan, to cover; hence the covered
or the invisible place. In Scripture there are three words so rendered:
1. Sheol, occurring in the Old Testament sixty-five
times. This word sheol is derived from a root-word meaning "to ask, "
"demand; "hence insatiableness Pr 30:15,16 It is rendered
"grave" thirty-one times Ge 37:35 42:38 44:29,31 1Sa 2:6 etc. The
Revisers have retained this rendering in the historical books with the original
word in the margin, while in the poetical books they have reversed this rule.
In thirty-one cases in the Authorized Version this word is rendered "hell,
"the place of disembodied spirits. The inhabitants of sheol are "the
congregation of the dead" Pr 21:16 It is:
a. the abode of the wicked Nu 16:33 Job 24:19 Ps 9:17
31:17 etc.;
b. of the good Ps 16:10 30:3 49:15 86:13 etc. Sheol is
described as:
a. deep Job 11:8
b. dark Job 10:21,22
c. with bars Job 17:16
d. The dead "go down" to it Nu 16:30,33 Eze
31:15,16,17
2. The Greek word hades of the New Testament has the same
scope of signification as sheol of the Old Testament. It is a prison 1Pe 3:19
with gates and bars and locks Mt 16:18 Re 1:18 and it is downward Mt 11:23 Lu
10:15 The righteous and the wicked are separated. The blessed dead are in that
part of hades called paradise Lu 23:43 They are also said to be in Abraham's
bosom Lu 16:22
3. Gehenna, in most of its occurrences in the Greek New
Testament, designates the place of the lost Mt 23:33 The fearful nature of
their condition there is described in various figurative expressions Mt 8:12
13:42 22:13 25:30 Lu 16:24 etc.
See HINNOM
(Heb. kob'a), a cap for the defence of the head 1Sa 17:5,38
In the New Testament the Greek equivalent is used Eph 6:17 1Th 5:8
See ARMOUR
Strong, father of Eliab, who was "captain of the
children of Zebulun" Nu 1:9 2:7
(Heb. 'ezer ke-negdo; i.e., "a help as his
counterpart" a help suitable to him), a wife Ge 2:18-20
1Co 12:28 may refer to help (i.e., by interpretation)
given to him who speaks with tongues, or more probably simply help which
Christians can render to one another, such as caring for the poor and needy,
etc.
Of a garment, the fringe of a garment. The Jews attached
much importance to these, because of the regulations in Nu 15:38,39 These
borders or fringes were in process of time enlarged so as to attract special
notice Mt 23:5 The hem of Christ's garment touched Mt 9:20 14:36 Lu 8:44
Faithful.
1. 1Ki 4:31 1Ch 2:6 a son of Zerah, noted for his wisdom.
2. Grandson of Samuel 1Ch 6:33 15:17 to whom the 88th Psalm
probably was inscribed. He was one of the "seers" named in 2Ch
29:14,30 and took a leading part in the administration of the sacred services.
A Kenite 1Ch 2:55 the father of the house of Rechab.
1. Heb. rosh Ho 10:4 rendered
a. "gall" in De 29:18 32:32 Ps 69:21 Jer 9:15
23:15
b. "poison, "Job 20:16
c. "venom, "De 32:33 "Rosh is the name of some
poisonous plant which grows quickly and luxuriantly; of a bitter taste, and
therefore coupled with wormwood De 29:18 La 3:19 Hence it would seem to be not
the hemlock cicuta, nor the colocynth or wild gourd, nor lolium darnel, but the
poppy so called from its heads" (Gesenius, Lex.).
2. Heb. la'anah, generally rendered "wormwood"
(q.v.), De 29:18 Pr 5:4 Jer 9:15 23:15 Once it is rendered "hemlock"
Am 6:12 R.V., "wormwood". This Hebrew word is from a root meaning
"to curse, "hence the accursed.
Common in later times among the Jews in Palestine Mt
23:37 Lu 13:34 It is noticeable that this familiar bird is only mentioned in
these passages in connection with our Lord's lamentation over the impenitence
of Jerusalem.
One of the cities of Mesopotamia destroyed by sennacherib
2Ki 18:34 2Ki 19:13 It is identified with the modern Anah, lying on the right
bank of the Euphrates, not far from Sepharvaim.
Favour of Hadad, the name of a Levite after the Captivity
Ezr 3:9
See ENOCH
A well or stream.
1. A royal city of the Canaanites taken by Joshua Jos
12:17
2. The youngest son of Gilead Nu 26:32 27:1
3. The second son of Asher 1Ch 4:6
4. One of David's heroes 1Ch 11:36
My delight is in her.
1. The wife of Hezekiah and mother of king Manasseh 2Ki
21:1
2. A symbolical name of Zion, as representing the Lord's
favour toward her Isa 62:4
1. Heb. 'eseb, any green plant; herbage Ge 1:11,12,29,30
2:5 3:18 etc.; comprehending vegetables and all green herbage Am 7:1,2
2. _Yarak_, green; any green thing; foliage of trees 2Ki
19:26 Ps 37:2 a plant; herb De 11:10
3. _Or_, meaning "light" In Isa 26:19 it means
"green herbs; "in 2Ki 4:39 probably the fruit of some plant.
4. _Merorim_, plural, "bitter herbs, "eaten by
the Israelites at the Passover Ex 12:8 Nu 9:11 They were bitter plants of
various sorts, and referred symbolically to the oppression in Egypt.
Ge 13:5 De 7:14
See CATTLE
In Egypt herdsmen were probably of the lowest caste. Some
of Joseph's brethren were made rulers over Pharaoh's cattle Ge 47:6,17 The
Israelites were known in Egypt as "keepers of cattle; "and when they
left it they took their flocks and herds with them Ex 12:38 Both David and Saul
came from "following the herd" to occupy the throne 1Sa 9:1ff. 1Sa
11:5 Ps 78:70 David's herd-masters were among his chief officers of state. The
daughters also of wealthy chiefs were wont to tend the flocks of the family Ge
29:9 Ex 2:16 The "chief of the herdsmen" was in the time of the
monarchy an officer of high rank 1Sa 21:7 comp. 1Ch 27:29 The herdsmen lived in
tents Isa 38:12 Jer 6:3 and there were folds for the cattle Nu 32:16 and
watch-towers for the herdsmen, that he might therefrom observe any coming
danger Mic 4:8 Na 3:8
Sun.
1. "Mount Heres" Jud 1:35 Heb. Har-heres, i.e.,
"sun-mountain; " probably identical with Irshemesh in Jos 19:41
2. Isa 19:18 marg.
See ON
From a Greek word signifying
1. a choice,
2. the opinion chosen, and
3. the sect holding the opinion. In the Acts of the
Apostles Ac 5:17 15:5 24:5,14 26:5 it denotes a sect, without reference to its
character. Elsewhere, however, in the New Testament it has a different meaning
attached to it. Paul ranks "heresies" with crimes and seditions Ga
5:20 This word also denotes divisions or schisms in the church 1Co 11:19 In Ti
3:10 a "heretical person" is one who follows his own self-willed
"questions, " and who is to be avoided. Heresies thus came to signify
self-chosen doctrines not emanating from God 2Pe 2:1
Mercury, a Roman Christian to whom Paul sends greetings
Ro 16:14 Some suppose him to have been the author of the celebrated religious
romance called The Shepherd, but it is very probable that that work is the
production of a later generation.
Mercury, a Roman Christian Ro 16:14
Mercury-born, at one time Paul's fellow-labourer in Asia
Minor, who, however, afterwards abandoned him, along with one Phygellus,
probably on account of the perils by which they were beset 2Ti 1:15
A peak, the eastern prolongation of the Anti-Lebanon
range, reaching to the height of about 9,200 feet above the Mediterranean. It
marks the north boundary of Palestine De 3:8 4:48 Jos 11:3,17 13:11 12:1 and is
seen from a great distance. It is about 40 miles north of the Sea of Galilee.
It is called "the Hermonites" Ps 42:6 because it has more than one
summit. The Sidonians called it Sirion, and the Amorites Shenir De 3:9 So 4:8
It is also called Baal-hermon Jud 3:3 1Ch 5:23 and Sion De 4:48 There is every
probability that one of its three summits was the scene of the transfiguration
(q.v.). The "dew of Hermon" is referred to Ps 133:3 Its modern name
is Jebel-esh-Sheikh, "the chief mountain." It is one of the most
conspicuous mountains in Palestine or Syria. "In whatever part of
Palestine the Israelite turned his eye northward, Hermon was there, terminating
the view. From the plain along the coast, from the Jordan valley, from the
heights of Moab and Gilead, from the plateau of Bashan, the pale, blue,
snow-capped cone forms the one feature in the northern horizon." Our Lord
and his disciples climbed this "high mountain apart" one day, and
remained on its summit all night, "weary after their long and toilsome
ascent." During the night "he was transfigured before them; and his
face did shine as the sun." The next day they descended to Caesarea
Philippi.
Ps 42:6,7 ="the Hermons", i.e., the three peaks
or summits of Hermon, which are about a quarter of a mile apart.
Son of Aristobulus and Bernice, and grandson of Herod the
Great. He was made tetrarch of the provinces formerly held by Lysanias II., and
ultimately possessed the entire kingdom of his grandfather, Herod the Great,
with the title of king. He put the apostle James the elder to death, and cast
Peter into prison Lu 3:1 Ac 12:1-19 On the second day of a festival held in
honour of the emperor Claudius, he appeared in the great theatre of Caesarea.
"The king came in clothed in magnificent robes, of which silver was the
costly brilliant material. It was early in the day, and the sun's rays fell on
the king, so that the eyes of the beholders were dazzled with the brightness
which surrounded him. Voices here and there from the crowd exclaimed that it
was the apparition of something divine.
And when he spoke and made an oration to them, they gave a shout,
saying, 'It is the voice of a god, and not of a man.' But in the midst of this
idolatrous ostentation an angel of God suddenly smote him. He was carried out
of the theatre a dying man." He died (A.D. 44) of the same loathsome malady which slew his grandfather Ac
12:21-23 in the fifty-fourth year of his age, having reigned four years as
tetrarch and three as king over the whole of Palestine. After his death his kingdom came under the
control of the prefect of Syria, and Palestine was now fully incorporated with
the empire.
Herod's son by Malthace Mt 14:1 Lu 3:1,19 9:7 Ac 13:1
See ANTIPAS
Mt 2:22 the brother of Antipas (q.v.).
The son of Herod Agrippa I. and Cypros. The emperor
Claudius made him tetrarch of the provinces of Philip and Lysanias, with the
title of king Ac 25:13 26:2,7 He enlarged the city of Caesarea Philippi, and
called it Neronias, in honour of Nero. It was before him and his sister that
Paul made his defence at Caesarea Ac 25:12-27 He died at Rome A.D. 100 in the
third year of the emperor Trajan.
A Jewish political party who sympathized with Mr 3:6
12:13 Mt 22:16 Lu 20:20 the Herodian rulers in their general policy of
government, and in the social customs which they introduced from Rome. They
were at one with the Sadducees in holding the duty of submission to Rome, and
of supporting the Herods on the throne. (Comp.) Mr 8:15 Mt 16:6
Mt 14:3-11 Mr 6:17-28 Lu 3:19 the daughter of Aristobulus
and Bernice. While residing at Rome with her husband Herod Philip I. and her
daughter, Herod Antipas fell in with her during one of his journeys to that
city. She consented to leave her husband and become his wife. Some time after,
Herod met John the Baptist, who boldly declared the marriage to be unlawful.
For this he was "cast into prison, "in the castle probably of
Machaerus (q.v.), and was there subsequently beheaded.
A Christian at Rome whom Paul salutes and calls his
"kinsman" Ro 16:11
Mr 6:17 the son of Herod the Great by Mariamne, the
daughter of Simon, the high priest. He is distinguished from another Philip
called "the tetrarch." He lived at Rome as a private person with his
wife Herodias and his daughter Salome.
The son of Herod the Great and Cleopatra of Jerusalem. He
was "tetrarch" of Batanea, Iturea, Trachonitis, and Auranitis. He
rebuilt the city of Caesarea Philippi, calling it by his own name to
distinguish it from the Caesarea on the sea-coast which was the seat of the
Roman government. He married Salome, the daughter of Herodias Mt 16:13 Mr 8:27
Lu 3:1
Mt 2:1-22 Lu 1:5 Ac 23:35 the son of Antipater, an
Idumaean, and Cypros, an Arabian of noble descent. In the year B.C. 47 Julius Caesar made Antipater, a
"wily Idumaean, "procurator of Judea, who divided his territories
between his four sons, Galilee falling to the lot of Herod, who was afterwards
appointed tetrarch of Judea by Mark Antony (B.C. 40) and also king of Judea by
the Roman senate. He was of a stern and cruel disposition. "He was brutish
and a stranger to all humanity." Alarmed by the tidings of one "born
King of the Jews, "he sent forth and "slew all the children that were
in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under"
Mt 2:16 He was fond of splendour, and lavished great sums in rebuilding and
adorning the cities of his empire. He rebuilt the city of Caesarea (q.v.) on
the coast, and also the city of Samaria (q.v.), which he called Sebaste, in
honour of Augustus. He restored the ruined temple of Jerusalem, a work which
was begun B.C. 20 but was not finished till after Herod's death, probably not
till about A.D. 50 Joh 2:20 After a
troubled reign of thirty-seven years, he died at Jericho amid great agonies both
of body and mind, B.C. 4 i.e., according to the common chronology, in the year
in which Jesus was born. After his death his kingdom was divided among three of
his sons. Of these, Philip had the land east of Jordan, between Caesarea
Philippi and Bethabara, Antipas had Galilee and Peraea, while Archelaus had
Judea and Samaria.
Le 11:19 De 14:18 ranked among the unclean birds. The
Hebrew name is _'anaphah_, and indicates that the bird so named is remarkable
for its angry disposition. "The herons are wading-birds, peculiarly
irritable, remarkable for their voracity, frequenting marshes and oozy rivers,
and spread over the regions of the East." The Ardea russeta, or little
golden egret, is the commonest species in Asia.
Intelligence, a city ruled over by Sihon, king of the
Amorites Jos 3:10 13:17 It was taken by Moses Nu 21:23-26 and became afterwards
a Levitical city Jos 21:39 in the tribe of Reuben Nu 32:37 After the Exile it
was taken possession of by the Moabites Isa 15:4 Jer 48:2,34,45 The ruins of
this town are still seen about 20 miles east of Jordan from the north end of
the Dead Sea. There are reservoirs in this district, which are probably the
"fishpools" referred to in So 7:4
Fatness, a town in the south of Judah Jos 15:27
Dread, a descendant of Canaan, and the ancestor of the
Hittites Ge 10:18 De 7:1 who dwelt in the vicinity of Hebron Ge 23:3,7 The
Hittites were a Hamitic race. They are called "the sons of Heth" Ge
23:3,5,7,10,16,18,20
Wrapped up, a place on the north border of Palestine. The
"way of Hethlon" Eze 47:15 48:1 is probably the pass at the end of
Lebanon from the Mediterranean to the great plain of Hamath (q.v.), or the
"entrance of Hamath."
Whom Jehovah has strengthened. Son of Ahaz 2Ki 18:1 2Ch 29:1 whom he succeeded on the throne of
the kingdom of Judah. He reigned twenty-nine years (B.C. 826-797) The history of
this king is contained in 2Ki 18:20 Isa 36:1-39:8 2Ch 29:1-32:33. He is spoken
of as a great and good king. In public
life he followed the example of his great- granfather Uzziah. He set himself to
abolish idolatry from his kingdom, and among other things which he did for this
end, he destroyed the "brazen serpent, "which had been removed to
Jerusalem, and had become an object of idolatrous worship Nu 21:9 A great
reformation was wrought in the kingdom of Judah in his day 2Ki 18:4 2Ch 29:3-36
On the death of Sargon and the accession of his son Sennacherib to the throne
of Assyria, Hezekiah refused to pay the tribute which his father had paid, and
"rebelled against the king of Assyria, and served him not, "but
entered into a league with Egypt Isa 30:1-31:1ff. Isa 36:6-9 This led to the
invasion of Judah by Sennacherib 2Ki 18:13-16 who took forty cities, and
besieged Jerusalem with mounds.
Hezekiah yielded to the demands of the Assyrian king, and agreed to pay
him three hundred talents of silver and thirty of gold 2Ki 18:14 But
Sennacherib dealt treacherously with Hezekiah Isa 33:1 and a second time within
two years invaded his kingdom 2Ki 18:17 2Ch 32:9 Isa 36:1ff. This invasion
issued in the destruction of Sennacherib's army. Hezekiah prayed to God, and
"that night the angel of the Lord went out, and smote in the camp of the
Assyrians 185,000 men." Sennacherib fled with the shattered remnant of his
forces to Nineveh, where, seventeen years after, he was assassinated by his
sons Adrammelech and Sharezer 2Ki 19:37
See SENNACHERIB The narrative of Hezekiah's sickness and
miraculous recovery is found in 2Ki 20:1 2Ch 32:24 Isa 38:1 Various ambassadors
came to congratulate him on his recovery, and among them Merodach-baladan, the
viceroy of Babylon 2Ch 32:23 2Ki 20:12 He closed his days in peace and
prosperity, and was succeeded by his son Manasseh. He was buried in the
"chiefest of the sepulchres of the sons of David" 2Ch 32:27-33 He had
"after him none like him among all the kings of Judah, nor any that were
before him" 2Ki 18:5
See ISAIAH
Vision, the father of Tabrimon, and grandfather of
Ben-hadad, king of Syria 1Ki 15:18
Swine or strong.
1. The head of the seventeenth course of the priests 1Ch
24:15
2. Ne 10:20 one who sealed Nehemiah's covenant.
A Carmelite, one of David's warriors 1Ch 11:37
Enclosed.
1. One of the sons of Reuben Ge 46:9 Ex 6:14
2. The older of the two sons of Pharez Ge 46:12
3. A plain in the south of Judah, west of Kadesh-barnea
Jos 15:3
Rejoicing of Jehovah, one of David's thirty-seven guards
2Sa 23:30
Called by the Accadians id Idikla; i.e., "the river
of Idikla", the third of the four rivers of Paradise Ge 2:14 Gesenius
interprets the word as meaning "the rapid Tigris." The Tigris rises
in the mountains of Armenia, 15 miles south of the source of the Euphrates,
which, after pursuing a south-east course, it joins at Kurnah, about 50 miles
above Bassorah. Its whole length is about 1,150 miles.
Life of (i.e., from) God, a native of Bethel, who built
(i.e., fortified) Jericho some seven hundred years after its destruction by the
Israelites. There fell on him for such an act the imprecation of Joshua Jos
6:26 He laid the foundation in his first-born, and set up the gates in his youngest
son 1Ki 16:34 i.e., during the progress of the work all his children died.
Sacred city, a city of Phrygia, where was a Christian church
under the care of Epaphras Col 4:12,13 This church was founded at the same time
as that of Colosse. It now bears the name of Pambuk-Kalek, i.e., "Cotton
Castle", from the white appearance of the cliffs at the base of which the
ruins are found.
In Ps 92:3 means the murmuring tone of the harp. In Ps
9:16 it is a musical sign, denoting probably a pause in the instrumental
interlude. In Ps 19:14 the word is rendered "meditation; "and in La
3:62 "device" (R.V., "imagination").
An eminence, natural or artificial, where worship by
sacrifice or offerings was made 1Ki 13:32 2Ki 17:29 The first altar after the
Flood was built on a mountain Ge 8:20 Abraham also built an altar on a mountain
Ge 12:7,8 It was on a mountain in Gilead that Laban and Jacob offered
sacrifices Ge 31:54 After the Israelites entered the Promised Land they were
strictly enjoined to overthrow the high places of the Canaanites Ex 34:13 De
7:5 12:2,3 and they were forbidden to worship the Lord on high places De
12:11-14 and were enjoined to use but one altar for sacrifices Le 17:3,4 De
12:1 De 16:21 The injunction against high places was, however, very imperfectly
obeyed, and we find again and again mention made of them 2Ki 14:4 15:4,35 2Ch
15:17 etc.
Aaron was the first who was solemnly set apart to this office
Ex 29:7 30:23 Le 8:12 He wore a peculiar dress, which on his death passed to
his successor in office Ex 29:29,30 Besides those garments which he wore in
common with all priests, there were four that were peculiar to himself as high
priest:
1. The "robe" of the ephod, all of blue, of
"woven work, "worn immediately under the ephod. It was without seam
or sleeves. The hem or skirt was ornamented with pomegranates and golden bells,
seventy-two of each in alternate order. The sounding of the bells intimated to
the people in the outer court the time when the high priest entered into the
holy place to burn incense before the Lord Ex 28:1ff.
2. The "ephod" consisted of two parts, one of
which covered the back and the other the breast, which were united by the
"curious girdle." It was made of fine twined linen, and ornamented
with gold and purple. Each of the shoulder-straps was adorned with a precious
stone, on which the names of the twelve tribes were engraved. This was the high
priest's distinctive vestment 1Sa 2:28 14:3 21:9 23:6,9 30:7
3. The "breastplate of judgment" Ex 28:6-12
25-28 39:2-7 of "cunning work." It was a piece of cloth doubled, of
one span square. It bore twelve precious stones, set in four rows of three in a
row, which constituted the Urim and Thummim (q.v.). These stones had the names
of the twelve tribes engraved on them. When the high priest, clothed with the
ephod and the breastplate, inquired of the Lord, answers were given in some
mysterious way by the Urim and Thummim 1Sa 14:3,18,19 1Sa 23:2,4,9,11,12 28:6
2Sa 5:23
4. The "mitre, "or upper turban, a twisted band
of eight yards of fine linen coiled into a cap, with a gold plate in front,
engraved with "Holiness to the Lord, "fastened to it by a ribbon of
blue. To the high priest alone it was permitted to enter the holy of holies,
which he did only once a year, on the great Day of Atonement, for "the way
into the holiest of all was not yet made manifest" Heb 9:1-10:1ff. Wearing
his gorgeous priestly vestments, he entered the temple before all the people,
and then, laying them aside and assuming only his linen garments in secret, he
entered the holy of holies alone, and made expiation, sprinkling the blood of
the sin offering on the mercy seat, and offering up incense. Then resuming his splendid
robes, he reappeared before the people Le 16:1ff. Thus the wearing of these
robes came to be identified with the Day of Atonement. The office, dress, and
ministration of the high priest were typical of the priesthood of our Lord Heb
4:14 7:25 9:12 etc. It is supposed that there were in all eighty-three high
priests, beginning with Aaron (B.C. 1657) and ending with Phannias (A.D.
70) At its first institution the office of high priest
was held for life (but comp.) 1Ki 2:27 and was hereditary in the family of
Aaron Nu 3:10 The office continued in the line of Eleazar, Aaron's eldest son,
for two hundred and ninety-six years, when it passed to Eli, the first of the
line of Ithamar, who was the fourth son of Aaron. In this line it continued to
Abiathar, whom Solomon deposed, and appointed Zadok, of the family of Eleazar,
in his stead 1Ki 2:35 in which it remained till the time of the Captivity.
After the Return, Joshua, the son of Josedek, of the family of Eleazar, was
appointed to this office. After him the succession was changed from time to
time under priestly or political influences.
A raised road for public use. Such roads were not found
in Palestine; hence the force of the language used to describe the return of
the captives and the advent of the Messiah Isa 11:16 35:8 40:3 62:10 under the
figure of the preparation of a grand thoroughfare for their march. During their
possession of Palestine the Romans constructed several important highways, as
they did in all countries which they ruled.
Portion of Jehovah.
1. 1Ch 6:45
2. 1Ch 26:11
3. The father of Eliakim 2Ki 18:18,26,37
4. The father of Gemariah Jer 29:3
5. The father of the prophet Jeremiah Jer 1:1
6. The high priest in the reign of Josiah 1Ch 6:13 Ezr
7:1 To him and his deputy 2Ki 23:5 along with the ordinary priests and the
Levites who had charge of the gates, was entrusted the purification of the
temple in Jerusalem. While this was in progress, he discovered in some hidden
corner of the building a book called the "book of the law" 2Ki 22:8
and the "book of the covenant" 2Ki 23:2 Some have supposed that this
"book" was nothing else than the original autograph copy of the
Pentateuch written by Moses De 31:9-26 This remarkable discovery occurred in
the eighteenth year of Josiah's reign (B.C. 624) a discovery which permanently
affected the whole subsequent history of Israel. See JOSIAH 25116 See SHAPHAN
7. Ne 12:7
8. Ne 8:4
1. Heb. gib'eah, a curved or rounded hill, such as are
common to Palestine Ps 65:12 72:3 114:4,6
2. Heb. har, properly a mountain range rather than an
individual eminence Ex 24:4,12,13,18 Nu 14:40,44,45 In De 1:7 Jos 9:1 Jos 10:40
11:16 it denotes the elevated district of Judah, Benjamin, and Ephraim, which
forms the watershed between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
3. Heb. ma'aleh in 1Sa 9:11 Authorized Version
"hill" is correctly rendered in the Revised Version
"ascent."
4. In Lu 9:37 the "hill" is the Mount of
Transfiguration.
Praising, a Pirathonite, father of the judge Abdon Jud
12:13,15
On the south of the Valley of Hinnom. It is so called from
a tradition that the house of the high priest Caiaphas, when the rulers of the
Jews resolved to put Christ to death, stood here.
Heb. 'ayalah 2Sa 22:34 Ps 18:33 etc. and 'ayeleth Ps 22:1
(title), the female of the hart or stag. It is referred to as:
1. an emblem of activity Ge 49:21
2. gentleness Pr 5:19
3. feminine modesty So 2:7 3:5
4. earnest longing Ps 42:1
5. timidity Ps 29:9 In the title of Ps 22:1 the word probably
refers to some tune bearing that name.
(Heb. tsir), that on which a door revolves. "Doors
in the East turn rather on pivots than on what we term hinges. In Syria, and
especially in the Hauran, there are many ancient doors, consisting of stone
slabs with pivots carved out of the same piece inserted in sockets above and
below, and fixed during the building of the house" Pr 26:14
A deep, narrow ravine separating Mount Zion from the
so-called "Hill of Evil Counsel." It took its name from "some
ancient hero, the son of Hinnom." It is first mentioned in Jos 15:8 It had
been the place where the idolatrous Jews burned their children alive to Moloch
and Baal. A particular part of the valley was called Tophet, or the
"fire-stove, "where the children were burned. After the Exile, in
order to show their abhorrence of the locality, the Jews made this valley the receptacle
of the offal of the city, for the destruction of which a fire was, as is
supposed, kept constantly burning there. The Jews associated with this valley
these two ideas,
1. that of the sufferings of the victims that had there
been sacrificed; and
2. that of filth and corruption. It became thus to the
popular mind a symbol of the abode of the wicked hereafter. It came to signify
hell as the place of the wicked. "It might be shown by infinite examples
that the Jews expressed hell, or the place of the damned, by this word. The
word Gehenna [the Greek contraction of Hinnom] was never used in the time of
Christ in any other sense than to denote the place of future punishment."
About this fact there can be no question. In this sense the word is used eleven
times in our Lord's discourses Mt 23:33 Lu 12:5 Mt 5:22 &c.
See HELL
High-born.
1. Generally "Huram, "one of the sons of Bela
1Ch 8:5
2. Also "Huram" and "Horam, "king of
Tyre. He entered into an alliance with David, and assisted him in building his
palace by sending him able workmen, and also cedar-trees and fir-trees from
Lebanon 2Sa 5:11 1Ch 14:1 After the death of David he entered into a similar
alliance with Solomon, and assisted him greatly in building the temple 1Ki 5:1
9:11 2Ch 2:3 He also took part in Solomon's traffic to the Eastern Seas 1Ki
9:27 10:11 2Ch 8:18 9:10
3. The "master workman" whom Hiram sent to
Solomon. He was the son of a widow of Dan, and of a Tyrian father. In 2Ch 2:13
"Huram my father" should be Huram Abi, the word "Abi"
(rendered here "my father") being regarded as a proper name, or it
may perhaps be a title of distinction given to Huram, and equivalent to
"master." (Comp.) 1Ki 7:14 2Ch 4:16 He cast the magnificent brazen
works for Solomon's temple in clay-beds in the valley of Jordan, between
Succoth and Zarthan.
A labourer employed on hire for a limited time Job 7:1
14:6 Mr 1:20 His wages were paid as soon as his work was over Le 19:13 In the
time of our Lord a day's wage was a "penny" (q.v.) i.e., a Roman
denarius Mt 20:1-14
To express contempt Job 27:23 The destruction of the
temple is thus spoken of 1Ki 9:8 Zechariah Zec 10:8 speaks of the Lord
gathering the house of Judah as it were with a hiss: "I will hiss for
them." This expression may be "derived from the noise made to attract
bees in hiving, or from the sound naturally made to attract a person's
attention."
Palestine and Syria appear to have been originally
inhabited by three different tribes.
1. The Semites, living on the east of the isthmus of
Suez. They were nomadic and pastoral tribes.
2. The Phoenicians, who were merchants and traders; and
3. the Hittites, who were the warlike element of this
confederation of tribes. They inhabited the whole region between the Euphrates
and Damascus, their chief cities being Carchemish on the Euphrates, and Kadesh,
now Tell Neby Mendeh, in the Orontes valley, about six miles south of the Lake
of Homs. These Hittites seem to have risen to great power as a nation, as for a
long time they were formidable rivals of the Egyptian and Assyrian empires. In
the book of Joshua they always appear as the dominant race to the north of
Galilee. Somewhere about the twenty-third century B.C. the Syrian
confederation, led probably by the Hittites, arched against Lower Egypt, which
they took possession of, making Zoan their capital. Their rulers were the
Hyksos, or shepherd kings. They were at length finally driven out of Egypt.
Rameses II. sought vengeance against the "vile Kheta, "as he called
them, and encountered and defeated them in the great battle of Kadesh, four
centuries after Abraham. See JOSHUA They are first referred to in Scripture in
the history of Abraham, who bought from Ephron the Hittite the field and the
cave of Machpelah Ge 15:20 23:3-18 They were then settled at Kirjath-arba. From
this tribe Esau took his first two wives Ge 26:34 36:2 They are afterwards
mentioned in the usual way among the inhabitants of the Promised Land Ex 23:28
They were closely allied to the Amorites, and are frequently mentioned along
with them as inhabiting the mountains of Palestine. When the spies entered the
land they seem to have occupied with the Amorites the mountain region of Judah
Nu 13:29 They took part with the other Canaanites against the Israelites Jos
9:1 11:3 After this there are few references to them in Scripture. Mention is
made of "Ahimelech the Hittite" 1Sa 26:6 and of "Uriah the
Hittite, "one of David's chief officers 2Sa 23:39 1Ch 11:41 In the days of
Solomon they were a powerful confederation in the north of Syria, and were
ruled by "kings." They are met with after the Exile still a distinct
people Ezr 9:1 comp. Ne 13:23-28 The Hebrew merchants exported horses from
Egypt not only for the kings of Israel, but also for the Hittites 1Ki 10:28,29
From the Egyptian monuments we learn that "the Hittites were a people with
yellow skins and 'Mongoloid' features, whose receding foreheads, oblique eyes,
and protruding upper jaws are represented as faithfully on their own monuments
as they are on those of Egypt, so that we cannot accuse the Egyptian artists of
caricaturing their enemies. The Amorites, on the contrary, were a tall and
handsome people. They are depicted with white skins, blue eyes, and reddish
hair, all the characteristics, in fact, of the white race" (Sayce's The
Hittites). The original seat of the Hittite tribes was the mountain ranges of
Taurus. They belonged to Asia Minor, and not to Syria.
One of the original tribes scattered over Palestine, from
Hermon to Gibeon in the south. The name is interpreted as
"midlanders" or "villagers" Ge 10:17 1Ch 1:15 They were
probably a branch of the Hittites. At the time of Jacob's return to Canaan, Hamor
the Hivite was the "prince of the land" Ge 24:2-28 They are next
mentioned during the Conquest Jos 9:7 11:19 They principally inhabited the
northern confines of Western Palestine Jos 11:3 Jud 3:3 A remnant of them still
existed in the time of Solomon 1Ki 9:20
An ancestor of the prophet Zephaniah Zep 1:1
Ne 10:17 one who sealed the covenant.
Beloved, the Kenite, has been usually identified with
Jethro (q.v.), Ex 18:5,27 comp. Nu 10:29,30 In Jud 4:11 the word rendered
"father-in-law" means properly any male relative by marriage (comp.)
Ge 19:14 ("son-in-law, "A.V.), and should be rendered
"brother-in-law, "as in the R.V. His descendants followed Israel to
Canaan Nu 10:29 and at first pitched their tents near Jericho, but afterwards
settled in the south in the borders of Arad Jud 1:8-11,16
Hiding-place, a place to the north of Damascus, to which
Abraham pursued Chedorlaomer and his confederates Ge 14:15
Majesty of Jehovah.
1. One of the Levites who assisted Ezra in expounding the
law Ne 8:7 9:5
2. Ne 10:18 a Levite who sealed the covenant.
Partridge, one of the daughters of Zelophehad the
Gileadite, to whom portions were assigned by Moses Nu 26:33 27:1 36:11
Jehovah impels, the king of Hebron who joined the league against
Gibeon. He and his allies were defeated Jos 10:3,5,16-27
A fortress, the name given to David's lurking-places 1Sa
22:4,5 24:22
In the highest sense belongs to God Isa 6:3 Re 15:4 and
to Christians as consecrated to God's service, and in so far as they are
conformed in all things to the will of God Ro 6:19,22 Eph 1:4 Ti 1:8 1Pe 1:15
Personal holiness is a work of gradual development. It is carried on under many
hindrances, hence the frequent admonitions to watchfulness, prayer, and
perseverance 1Co 1:30 2Co 7:1 Eph 4:23,24
See SANCTIFICATION
The third Person of the adorable Trinity.
1. His personality is proved
a. from the fact that the attributes of personality, as
intelligence and volition, are ascribed to him Joh 14:17,26 Joh 15:26 1Co
2:10,11 12:11 He reproves, helps, glorifies, intercedes Joh 16:7-13 Ro 8:26
b. He executes the offices peculiar only to a person. The
very nature of these offices involves personal distinction Lu 12:12 Ac 5:32
15:28 16:6 28:25 1Co 2:13 Heb 2:4 3:7 2Pe 1:21
2. His divinity is established
a. From the fact that the names of God are ascribed to
him Ex 17:7 Ps 95:7 comp. Heb 3:7-11
b. Divine attributes are also ascribed to him
1. omnipresence Ps 139:7 Eph 2:17,18 1Co 12:13
2. omniscience 1Co 2:10,11
3. omnipotence Lu 1:35 Ro 8:11
4. eternity Heb 9:14
c. Creation is ascribed to him Ge 1:2 Job 26:13 Ps 104:30
and the working of miracles Mt 12:28 1Co 12:9-11
d. Worship is required and ascribed to him Isa 6:3 Ac
28:25 Ro 9:1 Re 1:4 Mt 28:19
The second or interior portion of the tabernacle. It was
left in total darkness. No one was permitted to enter it except the high
priest, and that only once a year. It contained the ark of the covenant only Ex
25:10-16 It was in the form of a perfect cube of 20 cubits.
See TABERNACLE
One of the two portions into which the tabernacle was
divided Ex 26:31 37:17-25 Heb 9:2 It was 20 cubits long and 10 in height and
breadth. It was illuminated by the golden candlestick, as it had no opening to
admit the light. It contained the table of showbread Ex 25:23-29 and the golden
altar of incense Ex 30:1-11 It was divided from the holy of holies by a veil of
the most costly materials and the brightest colours. The arrangement of the
temple (q.v.) was the same in this respect. In it the walls of hewn stone were
wainscotted with cedar and overlaid with gold, and adorned with beautiful
carvings. It was entered from the porch by folding doors overlaid with gold and
richly embossed. Outside the holy place stood the great tank or "sea"
of molten brass, supported by twelve oxen, three turned each way, capable of
containing two thousand baths of water. Besides this there were ten lavers and
the brazen altar of burnt sacrifice.
See TABERNACLE
Heap, the largest of dry measures, containing about 8
bushels or 1 quarter English 10 ephahs Le 27:16 Nu 11:32 =a COR. "Half a
homer, "a grain measure mentioned only in Ho 3:2
See OMER
1. Heb. ya'ar, occurs only 1Sa 14:25,27,29 So 5:1 where it
denotes the honey of bees. Properly the word signifies a forest or copse, and
refers to honey found in woods.
2. Nopheth, honey that drops Ps 19:10 Pr 5:3 So 4:11
3. Debash denotes bee-honey Jud 14:8 but also frequently
a vegetable honey distilled from trees Ge 43:11 Eze 27:17 In these passages it
may probably mean "dibs, "or syrup of grapes, i.e., the juice of ripe
grapes boiled down to one-third of its bulk.
4. Tsuph, the cells of the honey-comb full of honey Pr
16:24 Ps 19:10
5. "Wild honey" Mt 3:4 may have been the
vegetable honey distilled from trees, but rather was honey stored by bees in
rocks or in trees De 32:13 Ps 81:16 1Sa 14:25-29 Canaan was a "land
flowing with milk and honey" Ex 3:8 Milk and honey were among the chief
dainties in the earlier ages, as they are now among the Bedawin; and butter and
honey are also mentioned among articles of food Isa 7:15 The ancients used
honey instead of sugar Ps 119:103 Pr 24:13 but when taken in great quantities
it caused nausea, a fact referred to in Pr 25:16,17 to inculcate moderation in
pleasures. Honey and milk also are put for sweet discourse So 4:11
(Heb. tsaniph) a tiara round the head Isa 3:23 (R.V.,
pl., "turbans"). Rendered "diadem, "Job 29:14 high priest's
"mitre, " Zec 3:5 "royal diadem, "Isa 62:3
A cleft hoof as of neat cattle Ex 10:26 Eze 32:13 hence
also of the horse, though not cloven Isa 5:28 The "parting of the
hoof" is one of the distinctions between clean and unclean animals Le 11:3
De 14:7
1. Heb. hah, a "ring" inserted in the nostrils
of animals to which a cord was fastened for the purpose of restraining them 2Ki
19:28 Isa 37:28,29 Eze 29:4 38:4 "The Orientals make use of this
contrivance for curbing their work-beasts. When a beast becomes unruly they
have only to draw the cord on one side, which, by stopping his breath, punishes
him so effectually that after a few repetitions he fails not to become quite
tractable whenever he begins to feel it" (Michaelis). So God's agents are never beyond his
control.
2. Hakkah, a fish "hook" Job 41:2 Heb. Text,
40:25 Isa 19:8 Hab 1:15
3. Vav, a "peg" on which the curtains of the
tabernacle were hung Ex 26:32
4. Tsinnah, a fish-hooks Am 4:2
5. Mazleg, flesh-hooks 1Sa 2:13,14 a kind of fork with
three teeth for turning the sacrifices on the fire, etc.
6. Mazmeroth, pruning-hooks Isa 2:4 Joe 3:10
7. 'Agmon Job 41:2 (Heb. Text 40:26) incorrectly rendered
in the Authorized Version. Properly a rush-rope for binding animals, as in
Revised Version margin.
One of the three main elements of Christian character 1Co
13:13 It is joined to faith and love, and is opposed to seeing or possessing Ro
8:24 1Jo 3:2 "Hope is an essential and fundamental element of Christian
life, so essential indeed, that, like faith and love, it can itself designate
the essence of Christianity 1Pe 3:15 Heb 10:23 In it the whole glory of the
Christian vocation is centred Eph 1:18 Eph 4:4 "Unbelievers are without
this hope Eph 2:12 1Th 4:13 Christ is the actual object of the believer's hope,
because it is in his second coming that the hope of glory will be fulfilled 1Ti
1:1 Col 1:27 Ti 2:13 It is spoken of as "lively", i.e., a living,
hope, a hope not frail and perishable, but having a perennial life 1Pe 1:3 In
Ro 5:2 the "hope" spoken of is probably objective, i.e., "the
hope set before us, "namely, eternal life (comp.) Ro 12:12 In 1Jo 3:3 the
expression "hope in him" ought rather to be, as in the Revised
Version, "hope on him, "i.e., a hope based on God.
Pugilist or client, one of the two sons of Eli, the high
priest 1Sa 1:3 2:34 who, because he was "very old, "resigned to them
the active duties of his office. By their scandalous conduct they brought down a
curse on their father's house 1Sa 2:22,12-27,27-36 3:11-14 For their wickedness
they were called "sons of Belial, "i.e., worthless men 1Sa 2:12 They
both perished in the disastrous battle with the Philistines at Aphek 1Sa 4:11
See PHINEHAS
i.e., PHARAOH-HOPHRA (called Apries by the Greek
historian Herodotus) king of Egypt (B.C. 591) in the time of Zedekiah, king of
Judah Jer 37:5 44:30 Eze 29:6,7
Mountain.
1. One of the mountains of the chain of Seir or Edom, on
the confines of Idumea Nu 20:22-29 33:37 It was one of the stations of the
Israelites in the wilderness Nu 33:37 which they reached in the circuitous
route they were obliged to take because the Edomites refused them a passage
through their territory. It was during the encampment here that Aaron died Nu
33:37-41 See AARON 23002 The Israelites passed this mountain several times in
their wanderings. It bears the modern name of Jebel Harun, and is the highest
and most conspicious of the whole range. It stands about midway between the
Dead Sea and the Elanitic gulf. It has
two summits, in the hallow between which it is supposed that Aaron died.
Others, however, suppose that this mountain is the modern Jebel Madurah, on the
opposite, i.e., the western, side of the Arabah.
2. One of the marks of the northern boundary of Palestine
Nu 34:7,8 Nowhere else mentioned. Perhaps it is one of the peaks of Lebanon.
Desert or mountain of the dried-up ground, a general name
for the whole mountain range of which Sinai was one of the summits Ex 3:1 17:6
33:6 Ps 106:19 etc. The modern name of the whole range is Jebel Musa. It is a
huge mountain block, about 2 miles long by about 1 in breadth, with a very
spacious plain at its north-east end, called the Er Rahah, in which the
Israelites encamped for nearly a whole year.
See SINAI
Consecrated, one of the fenced cities of Naphtali Jos
19:38
Cave-men, a race of Troglodytes who dwelt in the limestone
caves which abounded in Edom. Their ancestor was "Seir, "who probably
gave his name to the district where he lived. They were a branch of the Hivites
Ge 14:6 36:20-30 1Ch 1:38,39 They were dispossessed by the descendants of Esau,
and as a people gradually became extinct De 2:12-22
Banning; i.e., placing under a "ban, "or
devoting to utter destruction. After the manifestation of God's anger against the
Israelites, on account of their rebellion and their murmurings when the spies
returned to the camp at Kadesh, in the wilderness of Paran, with an evil report
of the land, they quickly repented of their conduct, and presumed to go up
"to the head of the mountain, "seeking to enter the Promised Land,
but without the presence of the Lord, without the ark of the convenant, and
without Moses. The Amalekites and the Canaanites came down and "smote and
discomfited them even unto Hormah" Nu 14:45 This place, or perhaps the
watch-tower commanding it, was originally called Zephath Jud 1:17 the modern
Sebaiteh. Afterwards Nu 21:1-3 Arad, the king of the Canaanites, at the close
of the wanderings, when the Israelites were a second time encamped at Kadesh,
"fought against them, and took some of them prisoners." But Israel
vowed a vow unto the Lord utterly to destroy the cities of the Canaanites; they
"banned" them, and hence the place was now called Hormah. But this
"ban" was not fully executed till the time of Joshua, who finally
conquered the king of this district, so that the ancient name Zephath became
"Hormah" Jos 12:14 Jud 1:17
Trumpets were at first horns perforated at the tip, used
for various purposes Jos 6:4,5 Flasks or vessels were made of horn 1Sa 16:1,13
1Ki 1:39 But the word is used also metaphorically to denote the projecting
corners of the altar of burnt offerings Ex 27:2 and of incense Ex 30:2 The
horns of the altar of burnt offerings were to be smeared with the blood of the
slain bullock Ex 29:12 Le 4:7-18 The criminal, when his crime was accidental,
found an asylum by laying hold of the horns of the altar 1Ki 1:50 1Ki 2:28 The
word also denotes the peak or summit of a hill Isa 5:1 where the word
"hill" is the rendering of the same Hebrew word. This word is used
metaphorically also for strength De 33:17 and honour Job 16:15 La 2:3 Horns are
emblems of power, dominion, glory, and fierceness, as they are the chief means of
attack and defence with the animals endowed with them Da 8:5,9 1Sa 2:1 16:1,13
1Ki 1:39 22:11 Jos 6:4,5 Ps 75:5,10 132:17 Lu 1:69 etc. The expression
"horn of salvation, "applied to Christ, means a salvation of
strength, or a strong Saviour Lu 1:69 To have the horn "exalted"
denotes prosperity and triumph Ps 89:17,24 To "lift up" the horn is
to act proudly Zec 1:21 Horns are also the symbol of royal dignity and power
Jer 48:25 Zec 1:18 Da 8:24
Heb. tsir'ah, "stinging", Ex 23:28 De 7:20 Jos
24:12 The word is used in these passages as referring to some means by which
the Canaanites were to be driven out from before the Israelites. Some have
supposed that the word is used in a metaphorical sense as the symbol of some
panic which would seize the people as a "terror of God" Ge 35:5 the
consternation with which God would inspire the Canaanites. In Palestine there
are four species of hornets, differing from our hornets, being larger in size,
and they are very abundant. They "attack human beings in a very furious
manner." "The furious attack of a swarm of hornets drives cattle and
horses to madness, and has even caused the death of the animals."
Two caverns, a city of Moab to the south of the Arnon,
built, apparently, upon an eminence, and a place of some importance Isa 15:5
Jer 48:3,5,34
1. The designation of Sanballat Ne 2:10,19 a native of
Horonaim
2. One of the two Beth-horons, the "upper" or
the "nether, "mentioned in Jos 16:3,5
Always referred to in the Bible in connection with
warlike operations, except Isa 28:28 The war-horse is described Job 39:19-25
For a long period after their settlement in Canaan the Israelites made no use
of horses, according to the prohibition, De 17:16 David was the first to form a
force of cavalry 2Sa 8:4 But Solomon, from his connection with Egypt, greatly
multiplied their number 1Ki 4:26 10:26,29 After this, horses were freely used
in Israel 1Ki 22:4 2Ki 3:7 9:21,33 2Ki 11:16 The furniture of the horse
consisted simply of a bridle Isa 30:28 and a curb Ps 32:9
A gate in the wall of Jerusalem, at the west end of the
bridge, leading from Zion to the temple Ne 3:28 Jer 31:40
Occurs only in Pr 30:15 (Heb. 'alukah); the generic name
for any blood-sucking annelid. There are various species in the marshes and
pools of Palestine. That here referred to, the Hoemopis, is remarkable for the
coarseness of its bite, and is therefore not used for medical purposes. They
are spoken of in the East with feelings of aversion and horror, because of
their propensity to fasten on the tongue and nostrils of horses when they come
to drink out of the pools. The medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis), besides
other species of leeches, are common in the waters of Syria.
Heb. ba'al parash, "master of a horse." The
"horsemen" mentioned Ex 14:9 were "mounted men", i.e., men
who rode in chariots. The army of Pharaoh consisted of a chariot and infantry
force. We find that at a later period, however, the Egyptians had cavalry 2Ch
12:3
See HORSE
Refuge.
1. A place on the border of the tribe of Asher Jos 19:29
a little to the south of Zidon.
2. A Levite of the family of Merari 1Ch 16:38
Save now! or Save, we beseech, Mt 21:9 This was a
customary form of acclamation at the feast of Tabernacles. (Comp.) Ps 118:25
Da 3:21 a tunic or undergarment.
Salvation, the son of Beeri, and author of the book of
prophecies bearing his name. He belonged to the kingdom of Israel. "His
Israelitish origin is attested by the peculiar, rough, Aramaizing diction,
pointing to the northern part of Palestine; by the intimate acquaintance he
evinces with the localities of Ephraim Ho 5:1 6:8,9 Ho 12:12 14:6 etc. by
passages like Ho 1:2 where the kingdom is styled 'the land',and Ho 7:5 where
the Israelitish king is designated as 'our' king." The period of his
ministry (extending to some sixty years) is indicated in the superscription Ho
1:1,2 He is the only prophet of Israel who has left any written prophecy.
1. This book stands first in order among the "Minor
Prophets." "The probable cause of the location of Hosea may be the thoroughly
national character of his oracles, their length, their earnest tone, and vivid
representations." This was the longest of the prophetic books written
before the Captivity. Hosea prophesied in a dark and melancholy period of
Israel's history, the period of Israel's decline and fall. Their sins had
brought upon them great national disasters. "Their homicides and
fornication, their perjury and theft, their idolatry and impiety, are censured
and satirized with a faithful severity." He was a contemporary of Isaiah.
2. The book may be divided into two parts
a. The first containing chapters 1-3 and symbolically
representing the idolatry of Israel under imagery borrowed from the matrimonial
relation. The figures of marriage and adultery are common in the Old Testament
writings to represent the spiritual relations between Jehovah and the people of
Israel. Here we see the apostasy of Israel and their punishment, with their
future repentance, forgiveness, and restoration.
b. The second part, containing 4-14 is a summary of
Hosea's discourses, filled with denunciations, threatenings, exhortations,
promises, and revelations of mercy.
3. Quotations from Hosea are found in Mt 2:15 9:15 12:7
Ro 9:25,26 There are, in addition, various allusions to it in other places
a. Lu 23:30 Re 6:16 comp Ho 10:8
b. Ro 9:25,26 1Pe 2:10 comp. Ho 1:10 etc.
4. As regards the style of this writer, it has been said
that "each verse forms a whole for itself, like one heavy toll in a
funeral knell."
a. "Inversions Ho 7:8 9:11,13 12:8
b. anacolutha Ho 9:6 12:8 etc.,
c. ellipses Ho 9:4 13:9 etc.,
d. paranomasias, and plays upon words, are very
characteristic of Hosea Ho 8:7 9:15 10:5 11:5 12:11
Salvation.
1. The original name of the son of Nun, afterwards called
Joshua Nu 13:8,16 De 32:44
2. 1Ch 27:20 The ruler of Ephraim in David's time.
3. The last king of Israel. He conspired against and slew
his predecessor, Pekah Isa 7:16 but did not ascend the throne till after an
interregnum of warfare of eight years 2Ki 17:1,2 Soon after this he submitted
to Shalmaneser, the Assyrian king, who a second time invaded the land to punish
Hoshea, because of his withholding tribute which he had promised to pay. A second
revolt brought back the Assyrian king Sargon, who besieged Samaria, and carried
the ten tribes away beyond the Euphrates, B.C. 720 2Ki 17:5,6 18:9-12 No more
is heard of Hoshea. He disappeared like "foam upon the water" Ho 10:7
13:11
1. An entertainer Ro 16:23
2. a tavern-keeper, the keeper of a caravansary Lu 10:35
3. In warfare, a troop or military force. This consisted
at first only of infantry. Solomon afterwards added cavalry 1Ki 4:26 10:26
Every male Israelite from twenty to fifty years of age was bound by the law to
bear arms when necessary Nu 1:3 26:2 2Ch 25:5 Saul was the first to form a
standing army 1Sa 13:2 24:2 This example was followed by David 1Ch 27:1 and
Solomon 1Ki 4:26 and by the kings of Israel and Judah 2Ch 17:14 26:11 2Ki 11:4
etc.
A person delivered into the hands of another as a security
for the performance of some promise, etc. 2Ki 14:14 2Ch 25:24
The sun, moon, and stars are so designated Ge 2:1 When
the Jews fell into idolatry they worshipped these De 4:19 2Ki 17:16 21:3,5 2Ki
23:5 Jer 19:13 Zep 1:5 Ac 7:42
To hamstring, i.e., sever the "tendon of
Achilles" of the hinder legs of captured horses Jos 11:6 2Sa 8:4 1Ch 18:4 so
as to render them useless.
First found in Da 3:6 4:19,33 5:5 It is the rendering of
the Chaldee shaah, meaning a "moment, "a "look." It is used
in the New Testament frequently to denote some determinate season Mt 8:13 Lu
12:39 With the ancient Hebrews the divisions of the day were "morning,
evening, and noon-day" Ps 55:17 etc. The Greeks, following the
Babylonians, divided the day into twelve hours. The Jews, during the Captivity,
learned also from the Babylonians this method of dividing time. When Judea
became subject to the Romans, the Jews adopted the Roman mode of reckoning
time. The night was divided into four watches Lu 12:38 Mt 14:25 13:25 Frequent
allusion is also made to hours Mt 25:13 26:40 etc.
See DAY An hour was the twelfth part of the day,
reckoning from sunrise to sunset, and consequently it perpetually varied in
length.
1. Till their sojourn in Egypt the Hebrews dwelt in
tents. They then for the first time inhabited cities Ge 47:3 Ex 12:7 Heb 11:9
From the earliest times the Assyrians and the Canaanites were builders of
cities.
2. The Hebrews after the Conquest took possession of the
captured cities, and seem to have followed the methods of building that had
been pursued by the Canaanites. Reference is made to
a. the stone 1Ki 7:9 Isa 9:10
b. and marble 1Ch 29:2 used in building,
c. and to the internal wood-work of the houses 1Ki 6:15
7:2 1Ki 10:11,12 2Ch 3:5 Jer 22:14
d. "Ceiled houses" were such as had beams
inlaid in the walls to which wainscotting was fastened Ezr 6:4 Jer 22:14 Hag
1:4
e. "Ivory houses" had the upper parts of the
walls adorned with figures in stucco with gold and ivory 1Ki 22:39 2Ch 3:6 Ps
45:8
3. The roofs of the dwelling-houses were flat, and are
often alluded to in Scripture 2Sa 11:2 Isa 22:1 Mt 24:17
a. Sometimes tents or booths were erected on them 2Sa
16:22
b. They were protected by parapets or low walls De 22:8
c. On the house-tops grass sometimes grew Pr 19:13 27:15
Ps 129:6,7
d. They were used, not only as places of recreation in
the evening, but also sometimes as sleeping-places at night 1Sa 9:25,26 2Sa
11:2 16:22 Da 4:29 Job 27:18 Pr 21:9
e. and as places of devotion Jer 32:29 19:13
Decreed, a town near Zebulun, not far from Jordan, on the
border of Naphtali Jos 19:34
See HELKATH
Circle, the second son of Aram Ge 10:23 and grandson of
Shem.
Weasel, a prophetess; the wife of Shallum. She was
consulted regarding the "book of the law" discovered by the high
priest Hilkiah 2Ki 22:14-20 2Ch 34:22-28 She resided in that part of Jerusalem
called the Mishneh (A.V., "the college; "R.V., "the second
quarter"), supposed by some to be the suburb between the inner and the
outer wall, the second or lower city, Akra. Miriam Ex 15:20 and Deborah Jud 4:4
are the only others who bear the title of "prophetess, " for the word
in Isa 8:3 means only the prophet's wife.
Php 2:8 seen in
1. His birth Ga 4:4 Lu 2:7 Joh 1:46 Heb 2:9
2. His circumstances,
3. His reputation Isa 53:1ff. Mt 26:59,67 Ps 22:6 Mt
26:68
4. His soul Ps 22:1 Mt 4:1-11 Lu 22:44 Heb 2:17,18 4:15
5. His death Lu 23:1ff. Joh 19:1ff. Mr 15:24,25
6. His burial Isa 53:9 Mt 27:57,58,60
His humiliation was necessary
1. To execute the purpose of God Ac 2:23,24 Ps 40:6-8
2. Fulfil the Old Testament types and prophecies
3. Satisfy the law in the room of the guilty Isa 53:1-12 Heb
9:12,15 procure for them eternal redemption,
4. And to show us an example.
1. A prominent Christian grace Ro 12:3 15:17,18 1Co 3:5-7
2Co 3:5 Php 4:11-13
2. It is a state of mind well pleasing to God 1Pe 3:4
3. It preserves the soul in tranquillity Ps 69:32,33
4. It makes us patient under trials Job 1:22
Christ has set us an example of humility Php 2:6-8 We
should be led thereto by a remembrance of our sins La 3:39 and by the thought
that it is the way to honour Pr 16:18 and that the greatest promises are made
to the humble Ps 147:6 Isa 57:15 66:2 1Pe 5:5 It is a "great paradox in
Christianity that it makes humility the avenue to glory."
1. Mentioned first in Ge 10:9 in connection with Nimrod.
Esau was "a cunning hunter" Ge 25:27
2. Hunting was practised by the Hebrews after their
settlement in the "Land of Promise" Le 17:15 Pr 12:27
3. The lion and other ravenous beasts were found in
Palestine 1Sa 17:34 2Sa 23:20 1Ki 13:24 Eze 19:3-8 and it must have been
necessary to hunt and destroy them.
4. Various snares and gins were used in hunting Ps 91:3
Am 3:5 2Sa 23:20
5. War is referred to under the idea of hunting Jer 16:16
Eze 32:30
A hole, as of a viper, etc.
1. A son of Caleb 1Ch 2:19, 4:1,4 comp. 2Ch 1:5
2. The husband of Miriam, Moses' sister Ex 17:10-12 He
was associated with Aaron in charge of the people when Moses was absent on
Sinai Ex 24:14 He was probably of the tribe of Judah, and grandfather of
Bezaleel Ex 31:2 35:30 1Ch 2:19
3. One of the five princes of Midian who were defeated
and slain by the Israelites under the command of Phinehas Nu 31:8
Linen-worker, one of David's heroes, a native of the
valley of Mount Gaash 1Ch 11:32
i.e., the "house-band, "connecting and keeping
together the whole family. A man when betrothed was esteemed from that time a
husband Mt 1:16,20 Lu 2:5 A recently married man was exempt from going to war
for "one year" De 20:7 24:5
One whose business it is to cultivate the ground. It was one
of the first occupations, and was esteemed most honourable Ge 9:20 26:12,14 Ge
37:7 etc. All the Hebrews, except those engaged in religious services, were
husbandmen.
See AGRICULTURE
Quick, "the Archite, ""the king's
friend" 1Ch 27:33 When David fled from Jerusalem, on account of the
rebellion of Absalom, and had reached the summit of Olivet, he there met
Hushai, whom he sent back to Jerusalem for the purpose of counteracting the
influence of Ahithophel, who had joined the ranks of Absalom 2Sa 15:32,37 2Sa
16:16-18 It was by his advice that Absalom refrained from immediately pursuing
after David. By this delay the cause of Absalom was ruined, for it gave David
time to muster his forces.
1. In Nu 6:4 (Heb. zag) it means the "skin" of
a grape.
2. In 2Ki 4:42 (Heb. tsiqlon) it means a "sack"
for grain, as rendered in the Revised Version.
3. In Lu 15:16 in the parable of the Prodigal Son, it
designates the beans of the carob tree, or Ceratonia siliqua. From the
supposition, mistaken, however, that it was on the husks of this tree that John
the Baptist fed, it is called "St. John's bread" and "locust
tree." This tree is in "February covered with innumerable purple-red
pendent blossoms, which ripen in April and May into large crops of pods from 6
to 10 inches long, flat, brown, narrow, and bent like a horn (whence the Greek
name keratia, meaning 'little horns'),with a sweetish taste when still unripe.
Enormous quantities of these are gathered for sale in various towns and for
exportation." "They were eaten as food, though only by the poorest of
the poor, in the time of our Lord." The bean is called a "gerah,
"which is used as the name of the smallest Hebrew weight, twenty of these
making a shekel.
Occurs only Eph 5:19 Col 3:16 The verb to "sing an
hymn" occurs Mt 26:30 Mr 14:26 The same Greek word is rendered to
"sing praises" Ac 16:25 (R.V., "sing hymns") and Heb 2:12
The "hymn" which our Lord sang with his disciples at the last Supper
is generally supposed to have been the latter part of the Hallel, comprehending
(Ps 113-118) It was thus a name given to a number of psalms taken together and
forming a devotional exercise. The noun hymn is used only with reference to the
services of the Greeks, and was distinguished from the psalm. The Greek tunes
required Greek hymns. Our information regarding the hymnology of the early
Christians is very limited.
One who puts on a mask and feigns himself to be what he
is not; a dissembler in religion. Our Lord severely rebuked the scribes and
Pharisees for their hypocrisy Mt 6:2,5,16 "The hypocrite's hope shall
perish" Job 8:13 The Hebrew word here rendered "hypocrite"
rather means the "godless" or "profane, "as it is rendered
in Jer 23:11 i.e., polluted with crimes.
(Heb. 'ezob; LXX. hyssopos), first mentioned in Ex 12:22
in connection with the institution of the Passover. We find it afterwards
mentioned in Le 14:4,6,52 Nu 19:6,18 Heb 9:19 It is spoken of as a plant
"springing out of the wall" 1Ki 4:33 Many conjectures have been
formed as to what this plant really was. Some contend that it was a species of
marjoram (origanum), six species of which are found in Palestine. Others with more
probability think that it was the caper plant, the Capparis spinosa of
Linnaeus. This plant grew in Egypt, in the desert of Sinai, and in Palestine.
It was capable of producing a stem three or four feet in length Mt 27:48 Mr
15:36 Comp. Joh 19:29