THE FREE AGENCY OF MAN
T.P. Simmons
Clear thinking is very much needed when we come to deal with the
free agency of man. Some have imagined it a very difficult subject because they
have made out of it something other than what it is. For the same reason some have charged that the doctrine of unconditional
election, a Bible and Baptist doctrine, destroys the free agency of man.
Well does Spurgeon say: "In reference to the matter of
predestination and free will, I have often heard men ask, 'How do you make them
agree?' I think there is another question just as difficult to solve. 'How do
you make them differ?' The two may be as easily made to
concur as to clash. It seems to me a problem which cannot be stated, and a
subject that needs no solution!" (Sermons, Vol. 13, p. 31).
I. FREE AGENCY OF MAN A BAPTIST DOCTRINE
The New Hampshire Declaration of Faith, widely accepted among
Baptists, declares that election is "perfectly consistent with the free
agency of man."
The late George W. McDaniel, while president of the Southern
Baptist Convention, said in a personal letter to the author: "The Baptist position recognizes both divine sovereignty and free
moral agency." Spurgeon says: "The predestination of God does not
destroy the free agency of man, or lighten the responsibility of the
sinner" (Sermons, Vol. 18, p. 30).
D. F. Estes (Hamilton Theological Seminary and Colgate University)
says: "The moral freedom of man was clearly held by Paul,
and none the less positively and tenaciously because of certain other views
which he held but which seem to some to be inconsistent therewith" (New
Testament Theology, p. 104).
W. W. Hamilton says: "God has united certain great facts in
salvation, and we must surely come to grief if we fail to recognize this. Sovereignty and free will are seen closely related when
Peter said at the great revival on Pentecost, 'Him being delivered up by the
determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye by the wicked hands of lawless
men did crucify and slay." (Bible Evangelism, p. 90).
J. M. Pendleton says: "There are no truths
more plainly reveled in the Bible than that God is sovereign and man is free
(Christian Doctrines, p. 103).
E. Y. Mullins says: "Free will in man is as fundamental a
truth as any other in the Gospel and must never be cancelled in our doctrinal
statements. Man would not be man without it and God never robs us of our true moral manhood in saving us" (Baptist Beliefs, p. 26).
J. P. Boyce says: "Free agency belongs to the nature of an
intelligent moral creature. He must have freedom of choice, or he would not be
responsible for his action. The very essence of responsibility consists in the
power of contrary action, had one so pleased" (Abstract of Systematic
Theology, p. 224).
A. H. Strong says: "Free agency ... has been shown to be
consistent with the decrees (of God)" (Systematic Theology, p. 117).
It is manifest from the above quotations that
free agency, according to its use among Baptist authors, must have a meaning
different from that which many people understand it to have. Spurgeon, Estes,
Pendleton, Mullins, Boyce, and Strong are all clear in their teaching of
unconditional election. This leads us, then, to consider:
1. BY DICTIONARIES.
Funk and Wagnall's Desk Standard Dictionary defines free agency as
"the power or capacity of acting freely, i. e., without constraint of the will".
Webster's New International Dictionary, in defining the term
"free," in its application to the acts of a moral being, says:
"Not determined by anything beyond its own nature or being; not
necessitated by an external cause or agency; choosing or capable of choosing
for itself; as a free agent."
2. BY STANDARD THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.
N. L. Rice says:
"Free agency is nothing more nor less than acting without
compulsion, and in accordance with one's own desires and inclinations"
(God Sovereign and Man Free, p. 58).
J. M. Pendleton repeats the definition of Andrew Fuller, which is
as follows:
"A free agent is an intelligent being who is at liberty to
act according to his choice, without compulsion or restraint" (Christian
Doctrines, p. 104).
A. H. Strong says:
"Free agency is the power of self-determination in view of
motives or man's power (a) to choose between motives, and (b) direct his
subsequent activity according to the motive thus chosen" (Systematic
Theology, p. 176).
Luther denied "Free-will," as it was
used by his great opponent, Erasmus, and also by the Pelagians and Sophists;
and, with all his profundity of understanding, mistakingly supposing that the
use made of "Free-will" by the above errorists was the only sense of
the expression, opposed its use. Nevertheless, he attributed to the will a
freedom such as is attributed to it by others here quoted; and he defined that
freedom in the following words:
"Will, whether divine or human, does what it does, be it good
or evil, not by any compulsion, but by mere willingness or desire, as it were,
totally free" (The Bondage of the WM p. 41).
John Gill, who is often falsely accused of antinomianism says:
"A determination of the will to some one thing, is not
contrary to choice, for the human will of Christ, and the will of angels and
glorified saints, are determined only to that which is good, and yet they both
choose and do that good freely . . . . Besides, neither the disability of man,
nor the efficacious influence of grace, at all hinder the freedom of human
actions. A wicked man, who is under the strongest bias,
power, and dominion of his lusts, acts freely in fulfilling of them; as does
also a good man, in doing what is spiritually good; and never more so, than
when he is under the most powerful influences of divine grace" (Cause of
God and Truth, pp. 184, 185).
Jonathan Edwards viewed free agency as the
"power, opportunity or advantage that any one has to do as he
pleases" (Freedom of the will p. 17).
We have purposely reserved until last the definition that is the
most explicit of all because it sums up all the others and states them in
greater detail and in a more easily understandable way. This definition is from
E. Y. Mullins:
"Freedom in man does not imply exemption from the operation
of influences, motives, heredity, environment. It means rather that man is not
under compulsion. His actions are in the last resort determined from within. He
is self-determined in what he does. Some hold that freedom in man means ability
to transcend himself and act contrary to his character.
(This is the erroneous sense of free will, as believed by all Pelagians and
Arminians, and as opposed by Luther and many others.) The will is thus
regarded, not as an expression of what the man is in his essential character.
It is free in the sense of being capable of choices unrelated to past choices,
acquired traits, and hereditary tendencies. This is an untenable view of
freedom. It makes the will a mere external attachment to
man's nature rather than an expression thereof. Freedom excludes compulsion
from without, it also excludes mere caprice and arbitrariness. Freedom is
self-determinative (The Christian Religion in its Doctrinal Expression pp.
258,259).
Now we submit that all of these great writers
are in harmony with each other in their view of that freedom which man
possesses, although some of them might deny that this should be called either
free agency or free will. However, if there be in all the universe such a thing
as free agency, even in the case of God, the freedom of man asserted in the
foregoing is free agency.
To make this more manifest, we take as our next proposition:
III. MAN AS MUCH A FREE AGENT AS GOD
We have noted that A. H. Strong says:
"Free agency is the power of self-determination." Others define it as
the power one has to act according to his choice, to do as he pleases. We have
seen that free agency does not imply ability to transcend oneself and to act
contrary to one's character. It does not exclude determination to either good
or bad. It does exclude compulsion and restraint from outside of ones nature,
and it also just as surely excludes mere caprice and arbitrariness.
What more than this can be affirmed of God? What less can be
affirmed of man? God is self-determined. So is man, and at all times. God
always acts according to His choice; He does as He pleases.* So also does man.
God cannot transcend Himself and act contrary to His character.** Neither can
man. God is ever determined to good. Natural man is ever
determined to that which is spiritually evil. A regenerated man is determined,
in the main, to that which is good. When he commits evil, he is, for the moment
determined to evil. The will of God is never compelled or restrained by
anything outside His own nature. The same is true of man. God never acts
capriciously or arbitrarily, that is, without sufficient cause. Neither does
man. God always acts according to His preference,
considering things as a whole; but not always according to His preference in
things, considering them separately and apart from His perfect plan.*** For
instance, God immanently prefers holiness at all times, but, in consideration
of His plan as a whole, He purposed to permit sin; because it, in some way, is
necessary to the working out of His plan. This is analogous to the fact that
man has conflicting preferences, but he always follows his
strongest preference; and in doing so, his will is wholly and absolutely free.
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*Psa. 135:6; Isa. 46:10.
**We know this because of God's immutability, for a discussion of
which see chapter on "The Nature and Attributes of God."
***See chapter on "The Will of God."
The position of God's will, and the nature and laws of its action,
are the same as in the case of man's will. Each is subject to the nature of its
possessor. Both express the nature of their possessors in view of motives. Both
man and God are free at all times to act out their most dominant desires and
inclinations. God is not more truly a free agent than man
is. That the free agency of man at all times may be more manifest, we shall
consider:
IV. FREE AGENCY OF THE NATURAL MAN
Man cannot do otherwise than continue in sin
so long as he is in his natural state (Jer. 17:9; Prov. 4:23; Job 14-4; Jer.
13:23; John 6:65; Rom. 8:7,8; 1 Cor. 2:14). But his continuance in sin is not
due to outside compulsion or restraint, but to his own character which causes
him to choose darkness rather than light (John 3:19). He continues in sin for
the same reason that a hog wallows in the mire. He continues in sin for the
same reason that God continues in holiness. Thus he is fully a free agent.
V. FREE AGENCY AND DIVINE HARDENING AND BLINDING
In the hardening and blinding of sinners, which is unmistakably
attributed to God in the Scripture (Rom. 9:18; John 12:40), there
is no outside force brought to bear upon the will of the sinner. While God is
said to blind and to harden the sinner, the sinner is said to blind and harden
himself. John 12:40 is a quotation from Isa. 6:10, where the prophet Isaiah is
commanded to shut the eyes of the people. Then in Matt. 13:14,15 there is
another free quotation from this same prophecy, and in Matthew the sinners are
said to have closed their own eyes. Then, still again, in 2 Cor.
4:3,4, we have the blinding of sinners attributed to the devil. All of these
passages refer to the same thing, and all of them are true because they are in
the Word of God. We have the blinding of sinners attributed to God, to the
devil, to the prophet, and to the sinners themselves. It is ours to find, if we
can, the harmony between these statements. Here it is: The blinding is
attributed to God because He decreed, whether permissively or efficiently, all
the circumstances that render the sinner blind. The
blinding is attributed to the devil because he is the author of sin by which
the sinner is blinded. The same blinding is attributed to the prophet because
his preaching of the Word brings out and makes the blindness of the sinner
active in his rejection of the Word. Then, finally, the blinding is attributed
to the sinner himself because he loves darkness rather than light, and
manifests his choice of darkness by rejecting the Word.
This leaves the natural man a free agent. If God, or the devil or the prophet,
by a power outside of the nature of the sinner, could compel the sinner against
his choice to reject the Word, the sinner would no longer be a free agent, and
he would be no longer responsible for his unbelief. Responsibility and free
agency go hand in hand.
What has been said of the blinding of the sinner is also true of
the hardening of the sinner. The hardening of the heart of Pharaoh is attributed
to God (Rom. 9:18; Ex. 4:21; 7:3; 7:13; 9:12; 10:1,20,27; 11:10). But it is
also attributed to Pharaoh himself (Ex. 8:15,32; 9.,34). The explanation is the
same as for the blinding treated above.
VI. FREE AGENCY AND CONVERSION
Man is unable to turn from sin until he is quickened by the Spirit
of God. For proof of this see the passages given in proof of the fact that man
cannot do otherwise than continue in sin so long as he is in his natural state. The new nature, therefore, must be implanted logically (but
not chronologically) prior to the exercise of repentance and faith.* This is
the meaning of the New Hampshire Declaration of Faith when it says that
repentance and faith are "inseparable graces wrought in our souls by the
regenerating Spirit of God." This is also the teaching of Eph. 1:19,20.
But when a man turns to God in repentance and faith he acts
voluntarily and is thus a free agent. He is not compelled to
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*For fuller discussion of this see chapter on
"Conversion."
__________
turn by a power outside of his own nature. For, in implanting the
new nature, the Holy Spirit operates "in the region of the soul below
consciousness" (Strong). Then that new nature, when implanted, becomes as
much a part of the man as the old nature was; and it moves
the will in strict conformity to the nature, laws, and normal action of the
will. Thus man is a free agent in conversion; and, of course, remains a free
agent, although God continues to work in him "both to will and to work for
his good pleasure" (Phil. 2:13). But this work, like the work of
quickening, does not coerce the will.
VII. FREE AGENCY AND CHRISTIAN FREEDOM
Some become confused in regard to free agency because of the
statement of Christ in John 8:32- "Ye shall know the truth, and the truth
shall make you free." Christ here referred to the freedom of the nature
from sin's bondage and not to free agency. This will become
evident to any thoughtful student upon a consideration of the foregoing
treatment of free agency. The position of the will and the nature and laws of
its action, are the same before conversion as after. In both cases man is
self-determined in view of motives. Both before and after regeneration the will
expresses one's character. The difference between the unregenerate and
regenerate states is not in regard to the freedom of the
will but in the fact that before regeneration man is the "bond-servant of
sin" (John 8:34), while, after regeneration, believers are, through the
power of the new life, "bond-servants of righteousness" (Rom. 6:18).
In both cases men are bondservants, and the will is subject to the character,
being as free in one case as in the other.
VIII. FREE AGENCY AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD
Without the least reserve or hesitancy we subscribe to the
Philadelphia Confession of Faith in its declaration that "God hath decreed
in himself from all eternity, by the most wise and holy counsel of his own
will, freely and unchangeably all things whatsoever comes
to pass." This includes evil as well and as fully as good, though in a
different sense; and is supported by both reason and revelation. See chapter on
"The Will of God." Also see Dan. 4:35; Isa. 46:10; Rom. 9:19; Eph.
1:11.
When men say that the absolute sovereignty of
God cannot be reconciled with the free agency of man by finite minds, they
betoken a misunderstanding either of free agency, or the workings of God's
sovereignty, or both. Free agency is in perfect, full, and manifest harmony
with the absolute sovereignty of God. The bond of union between the two lies in
the fact that the will is subject to the character of its possessor. God has
determined the character of each man, through either His positive or permissive decrees- positive in the case of all good, and
permissive in the case of all evil. And God, having determined all
circumstances, controls the motives that influence the will. Thus God controls
the actions of men, and yet men act at all times as freely as God Himself does.
If there were no God, man could not act more freely than he does.
We see this harmony between the sovereignty of God and the free
agency of man strikingly exemplified in the crucifixion of Christ. God
determined that Christ should be crucified (Acts 2:23; 4:27,28). And He
determined that certain ones should do it, but He did this permissively. All
that took part in the crucifixion were only acting out their own natures, and
were never freer in any act, nor was God ever freer in any
act. Through wicked motives they chose to kill the Lord of glory. They killed Him
because they hated Him. They killed Him because He rebuked them for their sin.
They killed Him because He took away the glory that had been theirs. God did
not cause them to do it, but He decreed to permit them to follow their own
inclinations and desires in doing it.
IX. FREE AGENCY AND THE POWER OF CONTRARY ACTION
It will he noted that the expression on free agency quoted from J.
P. Boyce implies that the power of contrary action is essential to free agency.
This is true if the power of contrary action is defined as Boyce defines it, that is, as the power that one has to do otherwise than he
does, had he so pleased.
This is only saying that man is free from outward necessity and
compulsion in his actions. If at any moment, one had not pleased to act as he
did, he could have acted differently, for one is always free to do as he
pleases. This means, of course, as he pleases on the whole.
He follows his strongest desire.
Or if the power of contrary choice is used to mean the power of
the soul to make choices contrary to its previously ruling purpose, it is still
implied in free agency. Motives awaken latent tendencies in the soul, and thus the soul may act contrary to its previously ruling
purpose. In conversion the soul acts contrary to its previously ruling purpose.
But in this case, it is not due to the awakening of latent tendencies, but to
the implantation of the new life.
There is another form of contrary action. One
may and often does put forth executive volitions contrary to his ultimate
choice or immanent preference. This is consistent with free agency.
But if one supposes that the power of contrary action means that
it is possible for one to act at any moment differently from the way in which he does act, the individual and the motives
remaining the same, he is supposing a contradiction and an absurdity. This is
supposing that one may choose that which he does not choose. All action is the
result of an inward necessity of consequence; but not of an outward necessity,
nor a necessity of compulsion. In other words, the action of any individual at
any time could not have been different without the individual or the motives
being different. Otherwise there would be no cause for the
will's action. And all common sense forbids the supposition of a finite thing
without a cause. Thus the acts of the will proceed from an inward necessity.
But the individual is free and unconstrained. There is no power compelling the
will, for the will is simply the soul's faculty of choice. In fact, no power
can compel or coerce the will. It is necessarily free. It would not be will
without this.